{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:19:14Z","timestamp":1760149154826,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial inflammation and edema are major pathological features in myocarditis. Myocardial tissue water content and myocardial edema can be quantified via T2 mapping. Thus, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the noninvasive gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis. Several studies showed an impact of short-term volume changes on T2 relaxation time. Plasma volume status (PVS) is a good surrogate parameter to quantify a patient\u2019s volume status, and it is simple to use. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PVS on the diagnostic value of T2 relaxation time in myocardial inflammation. Between April 2017 and December 2022, patients who were indicated for cardiac CMR were included in our prospective clinical registry. Patients with myocardial inflammation and those with unremarkable findings were analyzed in the present study. A blood sample was drawn, and PVS was calculated. Patients were separated into PVS tertiles to explore a possible nonlinear dose\u2013response relationship. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether T2 is an independent predictor of myocardial inflammation. A total of 700 patients (47.43% female) were eligible for analysis. Of these, 551 patients were healthy (78.7%), while 149 (21.3%) showed signs of myocardial inflammation. The T2 relaxation time was elevated in patients with myocardial inflammation (40 ms [IQR 37\u201342 ms] vs. 38.0 ms [IQR 36\u201339 ms], p &lt; 0.001). PVS showed no difference between the groups (\u221212.94 [IQR \u221218.4\u2013\u22127.28] vs.\u221212.19 [IQR \u221218.93\u2013\u22125.87], p = 0.384). T2 showed a clear dose\u2013response relationship with PVS, with increasing T2 values along the PVS tertiles. In spite of this, T2 was found to be an independent marker of myocardial inflammation in logistic regression (OR T2 1.3 [95% CI 1.21\u20131.39], p &lt; 0.001), even after adjusting for PVS (OR T2 [adj. PVS] 1.31 [95% CI 1.22\u20131.40], p &lt; 0.001). Despite a dose\u2013response relationship between T2 and the volume status, T2 was found to be an independent indicator of myocardial inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13132240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1688141312000},"page":"2240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Native T2 Predicts Myocardial Inflammation Irrespective of a Patient\u2019s Volume Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jan Sebastian","family":"Wolter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Treiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Fischer-Rasokat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen D.","family":"Kriechbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Rieth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Weferling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"von Jeinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian W.","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen, Medicine, Medical Clinic 1, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen, Medicine, Medical Clinic 1, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Rolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Department of Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Partner Site, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen, Medicine, Medical Clinic 1, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035319","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Outcome in a Contemporary Cohort of Patients With Acute Myocarditis: Multicenter Lombardy Registry","volume":"138","author":"Ammirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","article-title":"Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: Current Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"18","author":"Ammirati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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