{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:41:31Z","timestamp":1790700091619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Middle-aged adults can start to be affected by some arterial diseases (ADs), such as abdominal aortic or popliteal artery aneurysms, lower extremity arterial disease, internal carotid, or renal artery or subclavian artery stenosis. These vasculopathies are often asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic before manifesting themselves with dramatic complications. Therefore, early detection of ADs is fundamental to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular and limb events. Furthermore, ADs carry a high correlation with silent coronary artery disease (CAD). This study focuses on the most common ADs, in the attempt to summarize some key points which should selectively drive screening. Since the human and economic possibilities to instrumentally screen wide populations is not evident, deep knowledge of semeiotics and careful anamnesis must play a central role in our daily activity as physicians. The presence of some risk factors for atherosclerosis, or an already known history of CAD, can raise the clinical suspicion of ADs after a careful clinical history and a deep physical examination. The clinical suspicion must then be confirmed by a first-level ultrasound investigation and, if so, adequate treatments can be adopted to prevent dreadful complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:39:41Z","timestamp":1689295181000},"page":"2356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Focus on the Most Common Paucisymptomatic Vasculopathic Population, from Diagnosis to Secondary Prevention of Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5764-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Martelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Specialist Surgery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 155 Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Medicine and Surgery School of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 8 Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro, 00131 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, S. Anna and S. Sebastiano Hospital, Via F. Palasciano, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3349-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Enea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, S. Anna and S. Sebastiano Hospital, Via F. Palasciano, 81100 Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6750-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, Saint Martin Hospital, 22 Viale Europa, 32100 Belluno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Federici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 Viale Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto M.","family":"Bracale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, Federico II Polyclinic, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via S. Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sangiorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 Viale Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra R.","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty\u2014Medicine & Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 21 Via \u00c0. del Portillo, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care of Organ Transplants, Umberto I Polyclinic University Hospital, 155 Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Settembrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital Ca\u2019 Granda IRCCS and Foundation, 35 Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1991.26737","article-title":"Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":"13","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.10.044","article-title":"The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"67","author":"Chaikof","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9235","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"100","author":"Reimerink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.04.32","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Pictorial review of common appearances and complications","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0030-7","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"4","author":"Sakalihasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170306","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170306","article-title":"Ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: Current practice, challenges and controversies","volume":"91","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657771","article-title":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties","volume":"27","author":"Carino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2019.11.026","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u2018European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-iliac Artery Aneurysms\u2019 [European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 57\/1 (2019) 8-93]","volume":"59","author":"Wanhainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.17021","article-title":"Primary Care Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"322","author":"Beil","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15579883211001204","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883211001204","article-title":"Screening Older Adult Men for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Scoping Review","volume":"15","author":"Bains","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6663","article-title":"The Last (Randomized) Word on Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"176","author":"Lederle","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31031-6","article-title":"Benefits and harms of screening men for abdominal aortic aneurysm in Sweden: A registry-based cohort study","volume":"391","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-2831-z","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening: How many life years lost from underuse of the medicare screening benefit?","volume":"29","author":"Olchanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E461","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.009120","article-title":"Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in Canada: 2020 review and position statement of the Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery","volume":"64","author":"Kapila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.03.012","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice-High Heritability of Liability to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Population Based Twin Study","volume":"52","author":"Joergensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.12.064","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of screening women for abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"43","author":"Wanhainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01196-9","article-title":"Evaluating feasibility of using national registries for identification, invitation, and ultrasound examination of persons with hereditary risk for aneurysm disease-detecting abdominal aortic aneurysms in first degree relatives (adult offspring) to AAA patients (DAAAD)","volume":"8","author":"Hultgren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2022.11.025","article-title":"Gender-specific predicted normal aortic size and its consequences of the population-based prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"91","author":"Kristensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.03.009","article-title":"Association between neighborhood deprivation and presenting with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm before screening age","volume":"76","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/145749691009900407","article-title":"Prevention of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"99","author":"Savolainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.10.007","article-title":"Editor\u2019s choice: Five-year outcomes in men screened for abdominal aortic aneurysm at 65 years of age: A population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Wanhainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11522-4","article-title":"The Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening on mortality in men: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Ashton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2012.11.024","article-title":"A multicentre observational study of the outcomes of screening detected sub-aneurysmal aortic dilatation","volume":"45","author":"Wild","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"538","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"91","author":"Keisler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.08.252","article-title":"Risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm after ectatic aorta detection from initial screening","volume":"71","author":"Chun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8707","article-title":"Meta-analysis of individual patient data to examine factors affecting growth and rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"99","author":"Sweeting","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.660677.x","article-title":"Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction: A multivariate analysis","volume":"6","author":"Arboix","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176036.07558.82","article-title":"Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Carotid endarterectomy\u2013An evidence-based review: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"65","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581058","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Greving","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.04.073","article-title":"Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease","volume":"75","author":"AbuRahma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, May 30). Stroke Prevention and Educational Awareness Diffusion (SPREAD). Available online: http:\/\/www.iso-spread.it\/capitoli\/LINEE_GUIDA_SPREAD_8a_EDIZIONE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2417","article-title":"Early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028624","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Recanalization Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke with Large Vessel Occlusion: A Systematic Review","volume":"51","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31826a1a32","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of perioperative stroke in noncarotid major vascular surgery","volume":"116","author":"Sharifpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (2002). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106, 3143\u20133421.","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009929","article-title":"Risk factors for popliteal and carotid wall thicknesses in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"150","author":"Dobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.2.209","article-title":"Fasting and 2-hour postchallenge serum glucose measures and risk of incident cardiovascular events in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"162","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-6-200903170-00009","article-title":"Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: An update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"150","author":"Wolff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antithrombotic Trialists\u2019 (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Collins, R., Emberson, J., Godwin, J., Peto, R., Buring, J., Hennekens, C., and Kearney, P. (2009). Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: Collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet, 373, 1849\u20131860.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60503-1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.556068","article-title":"Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: Results of a systematic review and analysis","volume":"40","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"97","article-title":"CT angiographic analysis of carotid artery stenosis: Comparison of manual assessment, semiautomatic vessel analysis, and digital subtraction angiography","volume":"28","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556056","article-title":"Multimodality imaging of carotid stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Adla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_36_22","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerotic disease: A systematic review of pathogenesis and management","volume":"8","author":"Bir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0685-7","article-title":"Imaging modalities to diagnose carotid artery stenosis: Progress and prospect","volume":"18","author":"Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2017.04.008","article-title":"High-risk carotid plaque: Lessons learned from histopathology","volume":"30","author":"Kolodgie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2658","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk plaques and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Noubiap","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2011). Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 378, 2013\u20132020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61125-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2017.07.034","article-title":"Vascular Quality Initiative. Analysis of Patients Undergoing Major Lower Extremity Amputation in the Vascular Quality Initiative","volume":"46","author":"Gabel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9825","article-title":"Baseline prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease and hypertension in men aged 65-74 years from a population screening study (VIVA trial)","volume":"102","author":"Lindholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: The European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)","volume":"39","author":"Aboyans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"ESVM Guideline on peripheral arterial disease","volume":"48","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"VASA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2003). Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 3333\u20133341.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.12.3333"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060775","article-title":"The relationship between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in peripheral arterial disease compared with ischaemic heart disease. The Edinburgh Artery Study","volume":"16","author":"Leng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016424","article-title":"Population-Based Study of Incidence, Risk Factors, Outcome, and Prognosis of Ischemic Peripheral Arterial Events: Implications for Prevention","volume":"132","author":"Howard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905239","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) Reduction in Persons with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"382","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.023","article-title":"Family history of peripheral artery disease is associated with prevalence and severity of peripheral artery disease: The San Diego population study","volume":"58","author":"Wassel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surma, S., and Banach, M. (2021). Fibrinogen and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases-Review of the Literature and Clinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010193"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S322417","article-title":"The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Peripheral Artery Disease and Peripheral Revascularization","volume":"14","author":"Serra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005","article-title":"Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Contemporary Epidemiology, Management Gaps, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Criqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(97)80102-5","article-title":"A comparative study of treadmill tests and heel raising exercise for peripheral arterial disease","volume":"13","author":"Amirhamzeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0022","article-title":"Precision Medicine in Diabetes: A Consensus Report from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.011","article-title":"Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Clinical Outcomes of Combining Ezetimibe with Statin Therapy in IMPROVE-IT","volume":"78","author":"Oyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32409-1","article-title":"Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: An international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab390","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapies in aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in 2021: A consensus document from the ESC working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases, the ESC working group on thrombosis, and the ESC working group on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Aboyans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"54","article-title":"Popliteal artery aneurysms. Factors associated with thromboembolism and graft failure","volume":"23","author":"Martelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.11.010","article-title":"Clinical outcome of acute leg ischaemia due to thrombosed popliteal artery aneurysm: Systematic review of 895 cases","volume":"39","author":"Kropman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.04.040","article-title":"The Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines on popliteal artery aneurysms","volume":"75","author":"Farber","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X16648404","article-title":"Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm have a high prevalence of popliteal artery aneurysms","volume":"21","author":"Tuveson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2012.01.007","article-title":"Open and endovascular repair of popliteal artery aneurysms: Tabular review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Tsilimparis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2012.07.004","article-title":"Small popliteal artery aneurysms: Important clinical consequences and contralateral survey in daily vascular surgery practice","volume":"27","author":"Vrijenhoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.12.031","article-title":"Growth and risk factors for expansion of dilated popliteal arteries","volume":"39","author":"Magee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5422.1415","article-title":"Stenosis of renal artery: An unselected necropsy study","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102083440607","article-title":"Renal-artery stenosis","volume":"344","author":"Safian","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr056","article-title":"Flash pulmonary oedema and bilateral renal artery stenosis: The Pickering syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Messerli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(96)00196-3","article-title":"A prospective study of disease progression in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis","volume":"9","author":"Zierler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., and Zhang, X. (2023). Pathophysiology and Clinical Impacts of Chronic Kidney Disease on Coronary Artery Calcification. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10050207"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.09.072","article-title":"Update on intervention versus medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis","volume":"61","author":"Mousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310753","article-title":"Stenting and medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis","volume":"370","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr496","article-title":"Dispelling the myth: The use of renin-angiotensin blockade in atheromatous renovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Chrysochou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.1230","article-title":"Angiographic prevalence and clinical predictors of left subclavian stenosis in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization","volume":"54","author":"English","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20695","article-title":"Determinants of immediate and long-term results of subclavian and innominate artery angioplasty","volume":"67","author":"Przewlocki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.055","article-title":"The vital prognosis of subclavian stenosis","volume":"49","author":"Aboyans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10198","article-title":"Screening for subclavian artery stenosis in patients who are candidates for coronary bypass surgery","volume":"56","author":"Osborn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/14\/2356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:02Z","timestamp":1760127122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/14\/2356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13142356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13142356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}