{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:01:20Z","timestamp":1790866880587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["65269705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65269705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The compounds of seminal plasma have great potential as biomarkers of male fertility and can be used as a diagnostic tool for types of azoospermia. Azoospermia occurs in approximately 1% of the male population, and for an effective therapy of this form of male infertility, it is important to distinguish between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Proteins in seminal plasma can serve as biomarkers for diagnosing azoospermia. Considering the various types of obstructions, a combination of multiple proteins is advisable for diagnostic purposes. In this context, testicular and epididymal proteins are particularly significant, as they are specific to these tissues and typically absent in ejaculate during most obstructions. A combination of multiple biomarkers is more effective than the analysis of a single protein. This group of markers contains TEX101 and ECM1 proteins, combined detections of these two bring a diagnostic output with a high sensitivity and specificity. Similar results were observed for combined detection of TEX101 and SPAG1. The effective using of specific biomarkers from seminal plasma can significantly improve the existing approaches to diagnosis of the causes of male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:03:25Z","timestamp":1690333405000},"page":"2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Non-Invasive Diagnostics of Male Spermatogenesis from Seminal Plasma: Seminal Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Je\u0161eta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Meki\u0148ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Franzov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Ventruba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lousov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kempisty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"O\u017edian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University, Hn\u011bvot\u00ednsk\u00e1 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"\u017d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Crha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.12.059","article-title":"Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction","volume":"65","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019072","article-title":"Reconsideration of testicular biopsy and follicle-stimulating hormone measurement in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection for non-obstructive azoospermia?","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. 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