{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:12:27Z","timestamp":1791511947945,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myiasis is an ectoparasitic infection caused by the larvae of true flies (Diptera). We came across a rather rare case of myiasis in an immunocompetent 34-year-old man from French Guiana with advanced wound myiasis masquerading as cavitary myiasis and a history of cholesteatoma surgery in the left ear. The Diptera larvae responsible for the disease were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular approaches as Cochliomyia hominivorax. We underline the importance of this parasitosis as the second case of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax and the first case of wound myiasis in this overseas department of France and its incidence in pre-urban areas of the capital, Cayenne, in South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T10:57:33Z","timestamp":1690973853000},"page":"2575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Morphological and Molecular Characterizations of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larvae Responsible for Wound Myiasis in French Guiana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhoundi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe d\u2019\u00c9tude et de Protection des Oiseaux en Guyane, R\u00e9mire-Montjoly 97354, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajih","family":"Hannachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Quezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Blaizot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Mycology Universitary Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Ben Romdhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3481-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Epelboin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andr\u00e9e Rosemon, Cayenne 97306, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezki","family":"Izri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zumpt, F. (1965). Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World, Butterworth."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04577.x","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis: A review of the common types of myiasis","volume":"49","author":"Robbins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023655","article-title":"Traumatic Myiasis: A Neglected Disease in a Changing World","volume":"61","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"26","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis (Tumbu fly larvae): A case report","volume":"32","author":"Onyeama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Niger. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70830-8","article-title":"Tropical myiases: Neglected and well-travelled","volume":"14","author":"McGarry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105590","article-title":"Human myiasis cases originating and reported in Africa for the last two decades (1998\u20132018): A review","volume":"210","author":"Kuria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.05.026","article-title":"Oral and maxillofacial myiasis: A case series and literature review","volume":"112","author":"Antunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.91066","article-title":"Chrysomya bezziana oral myiasis","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.08.019","article-title":"Nosocomial myiasis in a patient with diabetes","volume":"83","author":"Dutto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"198","article-title":"Myiasis of the tracheostomy wound: A case report with review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Manickam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13302","article-title":"Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis: Countries with increased risk for travelers going to neotropic areas","volume":"55","author":"Villalobos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Goddard, J. (1996). Physician\u2019s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance: Flies whose Maggots cause Myiasis Inhumans, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021, January 01). World Health Organization: History of the Development of the ICD. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/B87."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shearer, D., and Wall, R. (1997). Veterinary Entomology: Athropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy","volume":"47","author":"Bowering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4620-y","article-title":"Incidence of myiasis among humans-a review","volume":"114","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199204000-00007","article-title":"Case report: Myiasis\u2014The botfly boil","volume":"303","author":"Pallai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.09.005","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"66","author":"Caissie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.13.2004","article-title":"Wound myiasis in urban and suburban United States","volume":"160","author":"Sherman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adisa, C., and Mbanaso, A. (2004). Furuncular myiasis of the breast caused by the larvae of the tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga). BMC Surg., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-4-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01047.x","article-title":"Ultrasonography of furuncular cutaneous myiasis: Detection of Dermatobia hominis larvae and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Szczurko","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9064531","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9064531","article-title":"Wound myiasis caused by Sarcophaga (Liopygia) Argyrostoma (robineau-desvoidy) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): Additional evidences of the morphological identification dilemma and molecular investigation","volume":"2017","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30136-0","article-title":"Myiasis","volume":"12","author":"Noutsis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20188043","article-title":"Wound myiasis: The role of entodermoscopy","volume":"93","author":"Gontijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4764-9","article-title":"Origins of Wohlfahrtia magnifica in Italy based on the identification of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene haplotypes","volume":"115","author":"Marangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2019.7.43250","article-title":"Sonographic Detection of Cutaneous Myiasis","volume":"3","author":"Nicholas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Cases Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.95880","article-title":"Ivermectin treatment for massive orbital myiasis in an empty socket with concomitant scalp pediculosis","volume":"60","author":"Puthran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"51","article-title":"Maggot Infestation: Various Treatment Modalities","volume":"8","author":"Sunny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"689","article-title":"Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of America North of Mexico","volume":"108","author":"Whitworth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872002000800011","article-title":"Miasis auricular por Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Coquerel, 1858) [Auricular myiasis cause by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Coquerel, 1858)]","volume":"130","author":"Neira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"176","article-title":"Otomiasis por Cochliomyia hominivorax en dos ni\u00f1os del conurbano bonaerense, Argentina [Otomyiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in two children from the outskirts of Buenos Aires, Argentina]","volume":"42","author":"Menghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.04.273","article-title":"Myiasis of facial wounds by Cochliomyia hominivorax sustained in a natural disaster in Haiti","volume":"143","author":"Lindsay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612019059","article-title":"A review on the occurrence of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Chaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"130","article-title":"Myiasis: The battle continues against screwworm infestation","volume":"13","author":"Reichard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.66490","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis: Three cases from North India","volume":"28","author":"Khurana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.11.014","article-title":"Oral myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax treated nonsurgically with nitrofurazone: Report of 2 cases","volume":"109","author":"Asprino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211654","article-title":"Umbilical myiasis in a human newborn","volume":"27","author":"Duro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.170","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax in a drug user","volume":"3","author":"Trombetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2011.107.109","article-title":"Nasal Myiasis Caused by Cochliomyia Hominivorax in the United States: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Tai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Acha, P.N., and Szyfres, B. (2003). Zoonosis y Enfermedades Transmisibles Comunes al Hombre y a los Animale, Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud. Volumen III. Parasitosis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-566X2007000400021","article-title":"Miasis Humana en Bah\u00eda Blanca, Argentina: Periodo 2000\/2005","volume":"36","author":"Visciarelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neotropical. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"14","article-title":"Factors of susceptibility of human myiasis caused by the New World screw-worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax in S\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Queiroz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Insect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittenberg, R., and Cock, M.J.W. (2001). Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices, Cabi Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995694.0000"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concha, C., Palavesam, A., Guerrero, F.D., Sagel, A., Li, F., Osborne, J.A., Hernandez, Y., Pardo, T., Quintero, G., and Vasquez, M. (2016). A transgenic male-only strain of the New World screwworm for an improved control program using the sterile insect technique. BMC Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-016-0296-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadler, F. (2022). A Complete Guide to Maggot Therapy: Clinical Practice, Therapeutic Principles, Production, Distribution, and Ethics, Open Book Publishers.","DOI":"10.11647\/OBP.0300"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"24","article-title":"Biology of the Primary Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia americana, and a Comparison of its Stages with those of C","volume":"500","author":"Laake","year":"1936","journal-title":"macellaria. United States Dep. Agricul. Tech. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyck, V.A., Hendrichs, J., and Robinson, A.S. (2021). Sterile Insect Technique. Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003035572"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04499-z","article-title":"New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) myiasis in feral swine of Uruguay: One Health and transboundary disease implications","volume":"14","author":"Altuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.181053","article-title":"Pin-Site Myiasis Caused by Screwworm Fly in Nonhealed Wound, Colombia","volume":"25","author":"Figueroa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000124","article-title":"Tropical skin diseases in British military personnel","volume":"159","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Army. Med. Corps."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2007). Fatal scalp myiasis: Autopsy finding of Cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: Calliphoridae) in the brain cavity. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J., 40, 183\u2013186."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00794.x","article-title":"Current status of the New World screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in Venezuela","volume":"23","author":"Coronado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2011.01004.x","article-title":"Oral myiasis caused by the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax treated with subcutaneous ivermectin and creolin: Report of six cases after trauma","volume":"27","author":"Duque","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-11","article-title":"Myiasis","volume":"25","author":"Francesconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, R.A., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., and Torres, T.T. (2010). Deep Sequencing of New World Screw-Worm Transcripts to Discover Genes Involved in Insecticide Resistance. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-695"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.002","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of the New World screwworm fly from the Amazon region of Brazil","volume":"138","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04828-5","article-title":"The microbiome of wild and mass-reared new world screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax","volume":"12","author":"Arp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.4.553","article-title":"Myiasis in a wounded soldier returning from Panama","volume":"28","author":"Mehr","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00228.x","article-title":"The potential geographical distribution of the Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana","volume":"3","author":"Sutherst","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4754(92)90134-3","article-title":"Adaptation of CLIMEX for spatial screwworm fly population dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Mayer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Screw-worm fly: A tale of two species","volume":"6","author":"Spradbery","year":"1994","journal-title":"Agricul. Zoolog. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E1-Azazy, O.M.E. (1989). Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya. Vet. Rec., 124, 103.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.4.103-a"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1991.11812543","article-title":"The New World screw-worm fly in north Africa","volume":"85","author":"Beesley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.124.24.641-b","article-title":"A case of canine otitis due to screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, in France","volume":"124","author":"Chermette","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Record."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"239","article-title":"Screwworm Fly Myiasis in an Overseas Traveller\u2014A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Searson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53530.x","article-title":"Screwworm eradication program in Central America","volume":"791","author":"Galvin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"159","article-title":"On the front of defense: Veterinarian averts screwworm outbreak","volume":"212","author":"Garris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04433-3","article-title":"Molecular basis of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the New World screw-worm fly","volume":"13","author":"Tandonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"808","article-title":"Myiase furonculeuse de la paupi\u00e8re sup\u00e9rieure en Guyane Fran\u00e7aise [Furuncular myiasis of the upper eyelid in French Guiana]","volume":"75","author":"Pradinaud","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Dermatol. Syphiligr."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Spradbery, J.P. (2002). A Manual for the Diagnosis of the Screwworm Fly, Fisheries and Forestry, Department of Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.061598","article-title":"Nosocomial myiasis in a Canadian intensive care unit","volume":"177","author":"Szakacs","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.50.103","article-title":"Oral and maxillofacial myiasis associated with epidermoid carcinoma: A case report","volume":"50","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324709618801692","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709618801692","article-title":"Human Botfly: A Case Report and Overview of Differential Diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Shenouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"292","article-title":"Umbilical Myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in an Infant in Colombia","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-13","article-title":"Laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites","volume":"27","author":"Mathison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"88","article-title":"Observation \u00e0 paris d\u2019un cas de myiase sous-cutan\u00e9e \u00e0 Dermatobia contract\u00e9e en Guyane","volume":"58","author":"Brumpt","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"357","article-title":"Myiasis after study trip to French Guiana","volume":"8","author":"Schreiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.03.008","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis","volume":"16","author":"Graveriau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13815","article-title":"Furuncular myiasis for the Western dermatologist: Treatment in outpatient consultation","volume":"57","author":"Blaizot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02547.x","article-title":"Nosocomial nasal myiasis owing to Cochliomyia hominivorax: A case in French Guiana","volume":"44","author":"Roussel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"576","article-title":"External ophthalmomyiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis","volume":"82","author":"Denion","year":"2004","journal-title":"A retrospective study of nine cases and a review of the literature. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734602001002009","article-title":"Maggot therapy for foot and leg wounds","volume":"1","author":"Sherman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020136","article-title":"Use of ivermectin in the treatment of orbital myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax","volume":"36","author":"Minguini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1086\/507038","article-title":"Role of ivermectin in the treatment of severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax","volume":"43","author":"Osorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2017224142","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-224142","article-title":"Treatment of nasal myiasis with ivermectin irrigation","volume":"2018","author":"Tay","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/15\/2575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:36Z","timestamp":1760127876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/15\/2575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13152575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13152575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}}}