{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:14:11Z","timestamp":1791332051127,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training","award":["B2021-DHH-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2021-DHH-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more prevalent in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract than in other sites. This study aimed to determine the endoscopic characteristics of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Methods: We investigated 140 patients from three tertiary referral hospitals with primary malignant lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristics of the lesions were evaluated and analyzed using image-enhanced endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and histopathology. Results: The median age was 60.5 (range: 11\u201399), and 59 (42.1%) were female. The most frequent complaint was abdominal pain (74.3%), followed by bloody feces (10%) and diarrhea (2.9%). B symptoms were observed in 15 (10.7%) patients. GI obstruction was the most common complication (10.0%), followed by hemorrhage (7.9%) and perforation (1.5%). Regarding endoscopic findings, the identified sites were the following: the stomach (61.4%), colon (10%), small intestine (10%), ileocecum (8.6%), rectum (6.4%), and duodenum (3.6%). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are most prevalent in the stomach. Helicobacter pylori was identified in 46 cases (39.0%), with MALT lymphoma being the most infected subtype. Nearly all gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas manifested as superficial type (25\u201359.6%) and ulcer type (15.6\u201350%) under endoscopy. We found that fungating type and protruding with ulcer type were more frequent types of aggressive lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) compared to the indolent types (MALT lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, duodenal-type follicular lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma) (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that most subtypes of gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas exhibited same endoscopic features (superficial type and ulcer type). Aggressive gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) were highly suspected when fungating lesions and protruding with ulcer lesions were encountered under endoscopy. Endoscopists should be aware of the connection between enhanced endoscopic characteristics and histological varieties of gastrointestinal lymphoma to improve diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T03:45:42Z","timestamp":1693194342000},"page":"2767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Endoscopic and Histopathological Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: A Multicentric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8347-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Trung","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Gastroenterology-Endoscopy Center, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thinh","family":"Nguyen Duy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Street, Buon Ma Thuot 63000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao Song","family":"Nguyen-Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tung","family":"Nguyen-Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Basic Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quy Tran","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Phuong","family":"Tran Thi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1369-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Khanh Hoa Oncology Hospital, 229 Nguyen Khuyen Street, Nha Trang 57000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuan","family":"Dang-Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology, Pathology and Forensic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue 49000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i6.697","article-title":"Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Ghimire","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Gastrointestinal lymphomas: Morphology, immunophenotype and molecular features","volume":"3","author":"Ake","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.51821\/85.3.9712","article-title":"Characteristic endoscopic findings of gastrointestinal malignant lymphomas other than mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"85","author":"Kanno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-016-0068-1","article-title":"Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori infection: A review of current diagnosis and management","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181b4b1ab","article-title":"Primary low-grade and high-grade gastric MALT-lymphoma presentation","volume":"44","author":"Zullo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000350051","article-title":"Gastrointestinal lymphoma: Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"87","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414302","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3414302","article-title":"Analysis of 78 Cases of Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma","volume":"2022","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2022.211003","article-title":"Effect of Clinical, Endoscopic, Radiological Findings, and Complications on Survival in Patients with Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Erkut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol. Off. J. Turk. Soc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primary Gastric Lymphoma, Epidemiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Sokol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Control J. Moffitt Cancer Cent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0661-RA","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Tract Lymphomas: A Review of the Most Commonly Encountered Lymphomas","volume":"145","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004921319","article-title":"Primary malignant lymphoid tumours of the intestinal tract. Report of 37 cases with a study of factors influencing prognosis","volume":"49","author":"Dawson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours (2019). Digestive System Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours, Volume 1, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Posit Team (2023, March 03). R Studio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Available online: http:\/\/www.posit.co\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.11954","article-title":"Overexpression of microRNA-130a predicts adverse prognosis of primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP1505431G","article-title":"Treatment of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma using Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"72","author":"Grgov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bruna Maria, R. (2021). Helicobacter Pylori, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-021-00280-9","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori cagA status and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Keikha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207028","article-title":"Effects of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein on the growth and survival of B lymphocytes, the origin of MALT lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Umehara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2006.0026","article-title":"Marginal zone lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Shaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. JNCCN"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00349-16","article-title":"CagA Phosphorylation in Helicobacter pylori-Infected B Cells Is Mediated by the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases of the Src and Abl Families","volume":"84","author":"Krisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3773","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication in gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Paydas","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-6-35","article-title":"High grade B-cell gastric lymphoma with complete pathologic remission after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Cavanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.4.454","article-title":"Predictive value of endoscopic ultrasonography for regression of gastric low grade and high grade MALT lymphomas after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"48","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-438424","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication as exclusive treatment for limited-stage gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Results of a multicenter phase 2 trial","volume":"120","author":"Ferreri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61818-1","article-title":"Regression of mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma of rectum after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"350","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-016-2734-z","article-title":"Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) variant of primary rectal lymphoma: A review of the English literature","volume":"32","author":"Kelley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70032-X","article-title":"Regression of duodenal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"111","author":"Nagashima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-020-01081-8","article-title":"A case of gastric and duodenal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with multiple gastric cancers: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.09.003","article-title":"Colorectal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Molecular subclassification and prognostic significance of immunoglobulin gene translocation","volume":"96","author":"Hori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl15510","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy Is Effective as the Initial Treatment for Patients with H. pylori-Negative and Disseminated Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01980.x","article-title":"Primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma involving the duodenal second portion is a distinct entity: A multicenter, retrospective analysis in Japan","volume":"102","author":"Takata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"44","article-title":"Mantle cell lymphoma: State of the art","volume":"13","author":"Skarbnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol. HO"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4407","article-title":"Gastric infiltration of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Endoscopic diagnosis and improvement of lesions after chemotherapy","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12993","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i36.12993","article-title":"Endoscopic features of gastro-intestinal lymphomas: From diagnosis to follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Vetro","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.7180\/kmj.2020.35.2.114","article-title":"Differences in Endoscopic Findings of Primary and Secondary Gastric Lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"KMJ"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"257","article-title":"Endoscopic features of colorectal lymphoma according to histological type","volume":"6","author":"Yachida","year":"2022","journal-title":"JGH Open Open Access J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000115)88:2<286::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"A clinicopathologic study of primary small intestine lymphoma: Prognostic significance of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-derived lymphoma","volume":"88","author":"Nakamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S476","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201510001-01096","article-title":"Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) of the Small Bowel Presenting as Acute Gastroenteritis: 1096","volume":"110","author":"Catalano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol.|ACG"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Press, O.W., Lichtman, M.A., and Leonard, J.P. (2017). Williams Hematology Malignant Lymphoid Diseases, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200412000-00003","article-title":"Gastric MALT lymphomas are divided into three groups based on responsiveness to Helicobacter Pylori eradication and detection of API2-MALT1 fusion","volume":"28","author":"Inagaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300495","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: A multicentre cohort follow-up study of 420 patients in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02826.x","article-title":"Clinical and endoscopic presentation of primary gastric lymphoma: A multicentre study","volume":"23","author":"Andriani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"566","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and endoscopic presentations of gastric lymphoma: A multicenter seven year retrospective survey","volume":"109","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enfermedades Dig."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"951","article-title":"Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) of the ileum in a 35-year-old Japanese woman","volume":"6","author":"Terada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000215855.98512.9d","article-title":"Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma occurring in the rectum: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"99","author":"Ahlawat","year":"2006","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1159\/000342726","article-title":"Colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Akasaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v7.i10.928","article-title":"Rare gastrointestinal lymphomas: The endoscopic investigation","volume":"7","author":"Vetro","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.H., Cho, S.G., Lee, I.S., Cho, H.J., Jeon, Y.W., O, J.H., Jung, S.E., Choi, B.O., Park, K.S., and Yang, S.W. (2020). Mantle cell lymphoma with gastrointestinal involvement and the role of endoscopic examinations. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239740"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11096","article-title":"Frequency of gastrointestinal involvement and its clinical significance in mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"Romaguera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-00394-z","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of primary versus secondary gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Castellino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<249::AID-CNCR2820140205>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"14","author":"Cornes","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-014-0497-4","article-title":"Multiple lymphomatous polyposis: Characteristic endoscopic features","volume":"34","author":"Aiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2006.02065.x","article-title":"Gastric T-cell lymphoma with cytotoxic phenotype","volume":"57","author":"Sugita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200202000-00008","article-title":"Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: A clinical and pathologic study of 26 cases","volume":"26","author":"Shia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-3041-7","article-title":"Primary colon lymphoma in Korea: A KASID (Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases) Study","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12471","article-title":"Endoscopic and clinical analysis of primary T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract according to pathological subtype","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0182-z","article-title":"Gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: Review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12621","article-title":"Gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: Current knowledge and future challenges","volume":"68","author":"Takata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg168","article-title":"Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: A study of 25 cases and a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Damaj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318224e661","article-title":"Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"35","author":"Misdraji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-995365","article-title":"Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: A retrospective case series","volume":"40","author":"Kodama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e21037","article-title":"Intestinal Infiltration of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia\/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Found on Screening Colonoscopy","volume":"14","author":"Aje","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S366","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-200609001-00919","article-title":"Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma) Involving the Colon: 919","volume":"101","author":"Dambowy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol.|ACG"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/17\/2767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:39:37Z","timestamp":1760128777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/17\/2767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13172767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13172767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]}}}