{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:08:51Z","timestamp":1788358131666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong chronic autoimmune systemic disease that primarily affects the small bowel of genetically susceptible individuals. The diagnostics of adult CD currently rely on specific serology and the histological assessment of duodenal mucosa on samples taken by upper digestive endoscopy. Because of several pitfalls associated with duodenal biopsy sampling and histopathology, and considering the pediatric no-biopsy diagnostic criteria, a biopsy-avoiding strategy has been proposed for adult CD diagnosis also. Several endoscopic changes have been reported in the duodenum of CD patients, as markers of villous atrophy (VA), with good correlation with serology. In this setting, an opportunity lies in the automated detection of these endoscopic markers, during routine endoscopy examinations, as potential case-finding of unsuspected CD. We collected duodenal endoscopy images from 18 CD newly diagnosed CD patients and 16 non-CD controls and applied machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms on image patches for the detection of VA. Using histology as standard, high diagnostic accuracy was seen for all algorithms tested, with the layered convolutional neural network (CNN) having the best performance, with 99.67% sensitivity and 98.07% positive predictive value. In this pilot study, we provide an accurate algorithm for automated detection of mucosal changes associated with VA in CD patients, compared to normally appearing non-atrophic mucosa in non-CD controls, using histology as a reference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:57:35Z","timestamp":1693205855000},"page":"2780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Computer-Based Diagnosis of Celiac Disease by Quantitative Processing of Duodenal Endoscopy Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Molder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Military Technical Academy Ferdinand I, 050141 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3436-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Vasile","family":"Balaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4861-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian-Constantin","family":"Molder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Military Technical Academy Ferdinand I, 050141 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Jinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2148-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonin","family":"Robin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Digital Technologies, Polytech Nantes, 44300 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614561668","article-title":"Screening for celiac disease in the general population and in high-risk groups","volume":"3","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"United Eur. 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