{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:30:22Z","timestamp":1790875822289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"NIDCR\/NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE028295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE028295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this clinical study was to compare the diagnostic performance of dual short wavelength infrared (SWIR) occlusal transillumination and reflectance multispectral imaging with conventional visual assessment and radiography for caries detection on premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontics reasons. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) and micro-computed tomography (microCT) performed after tooth extraction were used as gold standards. The custom-fabricated imaging probe was 3D-printed and the imaging system employed a SWIR camera and fiber-optic light sources emitting light at 1300 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600 nm for reflectance measurements. Teeth (n = 135) on 40 test subjects were imaged in vivo using the SWIR imaging prototype in the study and teeth were extracted after imaging. Our study demonstrates for the first time that near-simultaneous real-time transillumination and reflectance video can be successfully acquired for caries detection. Both SWIR imaging modalities had markedly higher sensitivity for lesions on proximal and occlusal surfaces compared to conventional methods (visual and radiographic). Reflectance imaging at 1600 nm had higher sensitivity and specificity than transillumination at 1300 nm. The combined SWIR methods yielded higher specificity but the combined sensitivity was lower than for each individual method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:33:25Z","timestamp":1693481605000},"page":"2824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Multispectral SWIR Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging for Caries Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8054-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oanh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dye, B.A., Tan, S., Lewis, B.G., Barker, L.K., Thornton-Evans, T.G., Eke, P.I., Beltr\u00e1n-Aguilar, E.D., Horowitz, A.M., and Li, C.H. (2007). Trends in Oral Health Status, United States, 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132004."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dye, B.A., Thornton-Evans, T., Li, X., and Iafolla, T.J. (2015). Dental Caries and Tooth Loss in Adults in the United States, 2011\u20132012, Data Brief. No. 197."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"White, S.C., and Pharoah, M.J. (2014). Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2005.05.010","article-title":"Utility of radiology, laser fluorescence, and transillumination","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.3.036002","article-title":"Near-infrared imaging of demineralization on the occlusal surfaces of teeth without the interference of stains","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. 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