{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:26:58Z","timestamp":1788017218697,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinician Scientist Program of the Medical Faculty T\u00fcbingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen","award":["480-0-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["480-0-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: to test the diagnostic performance of a fully convolutional neural network-based software prototype for clot detection in intracranial arteries using non-enhanced computed tomography (NECT) imaging data. (2) Methods: we retrospectively identified 85 patients with stroke imaging and one intracranial vessel occlusion. An automated clot detection prototype computed clot location, clot length, and clot volume in NECT scans. Clot detection rates were compared to the visual assessment of the hyperdense artery sign by two neuroradiologists. CT angiography (CTA) was used as the ground truth. Additionally, NIHSS, ASPECTS, type of therapy, and TOAST were registered to assess the relationship between clinical parameters, image results, and chosen therapy. (3) Results: the overall detection rate of the software was 66%, while the human readers had lower rates of 46% and 24%, respectively. Clot detection rates of the automated software were best in the proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the intracranial carotid artery (ICA) with 88\u201392% followed by the more distal MCA and basilar artery with 67\u201369%. There was a high correlation between greater clot length and interventional thrombectomy and between smaller clot length and rather conservative treatment. (4) Conclusions: the automated clot detection prototype has the potential to detect intracranial arterial thromboembolism in NECT images, particularly in the ICA and MCA. Thus, it could support radiologists in emergency settings to speed up the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, especially in settings where CTA is not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1693907971000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automated Intracranial Clot Detection: A Promising Tool for Vascular Occlusion Detection in Non-Enhanced CT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ricarda","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Bier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Radiologie Salzstra\u00dfe, D-48143 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Neurovascular Diseases T\u00fcbingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Taubmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Computed Tomography, D-91301 Forchheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Ditt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Computed Tomography, D-91301 Forchheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9647-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann-Martin","family":"Hempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Ernemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Horger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Gohla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Stroke\u2014Incidence, mortality, morbidity and risk","volume":"36","author":"Ingall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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