{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:47:15Z","timestamp":1792090035395,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union from the European Regional Development Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart rate is an essential diagnostic parameter indicating a patient\u2019s condition. The assessment of heart rate is also a crucial parameter in the diagnostics of various sleep disorders, including sleep apnoea, as well as sleep\/wake pattern analysis. It is usually measured using an electrocardiograph (ECG)\u2014a device monitoring the electrical activity of the heart using several electrodes attached to a patient\u2019s upper body\u2014or photoplethysmography (PPG). Methods: The following paper investigates an alternative method for heart rate detection and monitoring that operates on tracheal audio recordings. Datasets for this research were obtained from six participants along with ECG Holter (for validation), as well as from fifty participants undergoing a full night polysomnography testing, during which both heart rate measurements and audio recordings were acquired. Results: The presented method implements a digital filtering and peak detection algorithm applied to audio recordings obtained with a wireless sensor using a contact microphone attached in the suprasternal notch. The system was validated using ECG Holter data, achieving over 92% accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm was evaluated against whole-night polysomnography-derived HR using Bland-Altman\u2019s plots and Pearson\u2019s Correlation Coefficient, reaching the average of 0.82 (0.93 maximum) with 0 BPM error tolerance and 0.89 (0.97 maximum) at \u00b13 BPM. Conclusions: The results prove that the proposed system serves the purpose of a precise heart rate monitoring tool that can conveniently assess HR during sleep as a part of a home-based sleep disorder diagnostics process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T04:38:48Z","timestamp":1694493528000},"page":"2914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automatic Heart Rate Detection during Sleep Using Tracheal Audio Recordings from Wireless Acoustic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Zofia","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"M\u0142y\u0144czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Georgakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3762-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Chousidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Music and Media, Institute of Sound Recording, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141adog\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kukwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macey, P.M., Kumar, R., Woo, M.A., Yan-Go, F.L., and Harper, R.M. 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