{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:03:30Z","timestamp":1767837810190,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TDC holdings Sdn Bhd","award":["304.PPSG.6150194\/T152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304.PPSG.6150194\/T152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most common congenital craniofacial deformities that can cause a variety of dental abnormalities in children. The purpose of this study was to predict the maxillary arch growth and to develop a neural network logistic regression model for both UCLP and non-UCLP individuals. Methods: This study utilizes a novel method incorporating many approaches, such as the bootstrap method, a multi-layer feed-forward neural network, and ordinal logistic regression. A dataset was created based on the following factors: socio-demographic characteristics such as age and gender, as well as cleft type and category of malocclusion associated with the cleft. Training data were used to create a model, whereas testing data were used to validate it. The study is separated into two phases: phase one involves the use of a multilayer neural network and phase two involves the use of an ordinal logistic regression model to analyze the underlying association between cleft and the factors chosen. Results: The findings of the hybrid technique using ordinal logistic regression are discussed, where category acts as both a dependent variable and as the study\u2019s output. The ordinal logistic regression was used to classify the dependent variables into three categories. The suggested technique performs exceptionally well, as evidenced by a Predicted Mean Square Error (PMSE) of 2.03%. Conclusion: The outcome of the study suggests that there is a strong association between gender, age, and cleft. The difference in width and length of the maxillary arch in UCLP is mainly related to the severity of the cleft and facial growth pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T05:32:45Z","timestamp":1695360765000},"page":"3025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of Artificial Neural Network-Based Prediction Model for Evaluation of Maxillary Arch Growth in Children with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Zahoor Ul","family":"Huqh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johari Yap","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Imaging Lab, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matheel","family":"AL-Rawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Husein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2366-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan Muhamad Amir W","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafij Bin","family":"Jamayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Restorative Dentistry (Prosthodontics), School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Genisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Programme, Faculty of Pascasarjana, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rosli Bin","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral & Maxillofacial Department, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu 15586, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Demographic data on the characterization of oral clefts in malaysia","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. 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