{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:05:58Z","timestamp":1791392758394,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["4216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes. It affects a large portion of the population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Existing systems assist clinicians in treating DR patients. However, these systems entail significantly high computational costs. In addition, dataset imbalances may lead existing DR detection systems to produce false positive outcomes. Therefore, the author intended to develop a lightweight deep-learning (DL)-based DR-severity grading system that could be used with limited computational resources. The proposed model followed an image pre-processing approach to overcome the noise and artifacts found in fundus images. A feature extraction process using the You Only Look Once (Yolo) V7 technique was suggested. It was used to provide feature sets. The author employed a tailored quantum marine predator algorithm (QMPA) for selecting appropriate features. A hyperparameter-optimized MobileNet V3 model was utilized for predicting severity levels using images. The author generalized the proposed model using the APTOS and EyePacs datasets. The APTOS dataset contained 5590 fundus images, whereas the EyePacs dataset included 35,100 images. The outcome of the comparative analysis revealed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 98.0 and 98.4 and an F1 Score of 93.7 and 93.1 in the APTOS and EyePacs datasets, respectively. In terms of computational complexity, the proposed DR model required fewer parameters, fewer floating-point operations (FLOPs), a lower learning rate, and less training time to learn the key patterns of the fundus images. The lightweight nature of the proposed model can allow healthcare centers to serve patients in remote locations. The proposed model can be implemented as a mobile application to support clinicians in treating DR patients. In the future, the author will focus on improving the proposed model\u2019s efficiency to detect DR from low-quality fundus images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T07:47:52Z","timestamp":1696405672000},"page":"3120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["A Lightweight Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Model Using a Deep-Learning Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Rahaman","family":"Wahab Sait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Documents and Archive, Center of Documents and Administrative Communication, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, A., and Rai, A. (2021, January 27\u201329). A novel approach for the early recognition of diabetic retinopathy using machine learning. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI50826.2021.9402566"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, G.T., Bhattacharya, S., Ramakrishnan, S.S., Chowdhary, C.L., Hakak, S., Kaluri, R., and Reddy, M.P.K. (2020, January 24\u201325). An ensemble based machine learning model for diabetic retinopathy classification. 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