{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:17:25Z","timestamp":1792167445362,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","award":["IMSIU-RP23079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-RP23079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is difficult for clinicians or less-experienced ophthalmologists to detect early eye-related diseases. By hand, eye disease diagnosis is labor-intensive, prone to mistakes, and challenging because of the variety of ocular diseases such as glaucoma (GA), diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataract (CT), and normal eye-related diseases (NL). An automated ocular disease detection system with computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools is required to recognize eye-related diseases. Nowadays, deep learning (DL) algorithms enhance the classification results of retinograph images. To address these issues, we developed an intelligent detection system based on retinal fundus images. To create this system, we used ODIR and RFMiD datasets, which included various retinographics of distinct classes of the fundus, using cutting-edge image classification algorithms like ensemble-based transfer learning. In this paper, we suggest a three-step hybrid ensemble model that combines a classifier, a feature extractor, and a feature selector. The original image features are first extracted using a pre-trained AlexNet model with an enhanced structure. The improved AlexNet (iAlexNet) architecture with attention and dense layers offers enhanced feature extraction, task adaptability, interpretability, and potential accuracy benefits compared to other transfer learning architectures, making it particularly suited for tasks like retinograph classification. The extracted features are then selected using the ReliefF method, and then the most crucial elements are chosen to minimize the feature dimension. Finally, an XgBoost classifier offers classification outcomes based on the desired features. These classifications represent different ocular illnesses. We utilized data augmentation techniques to control class imbalance issues. The deep-ocular model, based mainly on the AlexNet-ReliefF-XgBoost model, achieves an accuracy of 95.13%. The results indicate the proposed ensemble model can assist dermatologists in making early decisions for the diagnosing and screening of eye-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13203165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:14:04Z","timestamp":1696918444000},"page":"3165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Deep-Ocular: Improved Transfer Learning Architecture Using Self-Attention and Dense Layers for Recognition of Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0361-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qaisar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mubarak","family":"Albathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Altameem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyad Saleh","family":"Almakki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayyaz","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-022-09720-z","article-title":"Machine learning methods for diagnosis of eye-related diseases: A systematic review study based on ophthalmic imaging modalities","volume":"29","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. 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Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9629763"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/20\/3165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:04:12Z","timestamp":1760130252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/20\/3165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13203165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13203165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]}}}