{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:26:55Z","timestamp":1791581215171,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Analysis and Test Foundation for Scientists, Zhejiang Shuren University, Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","award":["ZDKJ2019009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ2019009"]}]},{"name":"Analysis and Test Foundation for Scientists, Zhejiang Shuren University, Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","award":["LGF21H030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21H030006"]}]},{"name":"Analysis and Test Foundation for Scientists, Zhejiang Shuren University, Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","award":["JNL-2022002A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022002A"]}]},{"name":"Analysis and Test Foundation for Scientists, Zhejiang Shuren University, Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","award":["JNL-2022023C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022023C"]}]},{"name":"Analysis and Test Foundation for Scientists, Zhejiang Shuren University, Major Science and Technology Projects of Hainan Province","award":["KFJJ2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ2023005"]}]},{"name":"Public Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["ZDKJ2019009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ2019009"]}]},{"name":"Public Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["LGF21H030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21H030006"]}]},{"name":"Public Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["JNL-2022002A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022002A"]}]},{"name":"Public Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["JNL-2022023C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022023C"]}]},{"name":"Public Projects of Zhejiang Province","award":["KFJJ2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ2023005"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["ZDKJ2019009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ2019009"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["LGF21H030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21H030006"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["JNL-2022002A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022002A"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["JNL-2022023C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022023C"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory","award":["KFJJ2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ2023005"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province","award":["ZDKJ2019009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ2019009"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province","award":["LGF21H030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF21H030006"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province","award":["JNL-2022002A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022002A"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province","award":["JNL-2022023C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNL-2022023C"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province","award":["KFJJ2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ2023005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a highly prevalent opportunistic infection among liver transplant recipients. When the liver donor is infected with CMV, there is a risk of transmission to the recipient, leading to CMV infection. To improve the postoperative outcome of liver transplantation, it is crucial to shift the focus of CMV detection to the donor and achieve early diagnosis, as well as implement effective preventative and therapeutic measures. However, the commonly used CMV detection methods in the past had limitations that prevented their early and accurate diagnosis in liver transplant donors. This review focuses on the latest advancements in CMV detection methods that can potentially be applied to liver transplant donors. The objective is to compare and evaluate their clinical utility, thereby providing guidance and support for rapid and accurate diagnosis of CMV infection in the clinic. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated proteins (CRISPR\u2013Cas) system-based assay emerges as a promising method for detecting the virus, offering great prospects for early and expedient CMV infection diagnosis in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1698288007000},"page":"3310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advances and Challenges in Cytomegalovirus Detection Methods for Liver Transplant Donors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0156-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinbiao","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Liver Transplantation, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8410-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saber","family":"Imani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shusen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Liver Transplantation, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Liver Transplantation, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Shuren University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"},{"name":"The Organ Repair and Regeneration Medicine Institute of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13512","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13512","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients-Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v10.i7.183","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-94-22841","article-title":"Isolation of Intranuclear Inclusion Producing Agents from Infants with Illnesses Resembling Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease","volume":"94","author":"Weller","year":"1957","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01289-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01289-19","article-title":"The Human Cytomegalovirus Chemokine vCXCL-1 Modulates Normal Dissemination Kinetics of Murine Cytomegalovirus In Vivo","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.09.004","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus diseases after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A mini-review","volume":"342","author":"Nesher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185350","article-title":"Evasion of CD8+ T cells is critical for superinfection by cytomegalovirus","volume":"328","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002191","article-title":"The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-organ Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Kotton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw668","article-title":"Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials","volume":"64","author":"Ljungman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim, S.H., Choi, M.C., Kim, D.-G., Min, E.-K., Lee, J.G., Joo, D.J., and Kim, M.S. (2023). Risk Factors for Cytomegalovirus Infection and Its Impact on Survival after Living Donor Liver Transplantation in South Korea: A Nested Case-Control Study. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040521"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12006","article-title":"CMV: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Kotton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000160","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus serology and replication remain associated with solid organ graft rejection and graft loss in the era of prophylactic treatment","volume":"98","author":"Stern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01699-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01699-22","article-title":"Evaluation of Performance Characteristics of the Aptima CMV Quant Assay for the Detection and Quantitation of CMV DNA in Plasma Samples","volume":"61","author":"Sam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelmann, C., Sterneck, M., Weiss, K.H., Templin, S., Zopf, S., Denk, G., Eurich, D., Pratschke, J., Weiss, J., and Braun, F. (2020). Prevention and Management of CMV Infections after Liver Transplantation: Current Practice in German Transplant Centers. JCM, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082352"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3138","article-title":"Effect of Preemptive Therapy vs Antiviral Prophylaxis on Cytomegalovirus Disease in Seronegative Liver Transplant Recipients with Seropositive Donors: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02350-3","article-title":"Application of viral-load kinetics to identify patients who develop cytomegalovirus disease after transplantation","volume":"355","author":"Emery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.746-752.2002","article-title":"Role of the laboratory in diagnosis and management of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell and solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"40","author":"Razonable","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.02.005","article-title":"Management strategies for cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"27","author":"Razonable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2008.162","article-title":"European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Management of CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and Kaposi-sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8) infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT","volume":"42","author":"Ljungman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5935\/0101-2800.20170008","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic tests for cytomegalovirus active infection in renal transplant recipients","volume":"39","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis993","article-title":"Assessment of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity for the prediction of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients: A multicenter cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Manuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00015-13","article-title":"Clinical utility of viral load in management of cytomegalovirus infection after solid organ transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Razonable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.12.2681-2688.1990","article-title":"Quantification of human cytomegalovirus viremia by using monoclonal antibodies to different viral proteins","volume":"28","author":"Gerna","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20367","article-title":"Quantitative PCR in the diagnosis of CMV infection and in the monitoring of viral load during the antiviral treatment in renal transplant patients","volume":"76","author":"Piiparinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanimura, K., and Yamada, H. (2018). Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123760"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, K., Chandorkar, A., and Saharia, K.K. (2021). Utility of CMV-Specific Immune Monitoring for the Management of CMV in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Clinical Update. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050875"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz601","article-title":"Clinical Diagnostic Testing for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections","volume":"221","author":"Razonable","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S727","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_7.S727","article-title":"Newer Methods for Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Chou","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3167-3174.2003","article-title":"Comparison of LightCycler-based PCR, COBAS amplicor CMV monitor, and pp65 antigenemia assays for quantitative measurement of cytomegalovirus viral load in peripheral blood specimens from patients after solid organ transplantation","volume":"41","author":"Pang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2021.01.001","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus management after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A mini-review","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.5.1232-1237.1992","article-title":"Comparison of different immunostaining techniques and monoclonal antibodies to the lower matrix phosphoprotein (pp65) for optimal quantitation of human cytomegalovirus antigenemia","volume":"30","author":"Gerna","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis818","article-title":"State-of-the-art monitoring of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity after organ transplant: A primer for the clinician","volume":"55","author":"Egli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu589","article-title":"Preformed Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)\u2013Specific Memory T and B Cells Identify Protected CMV-Sensitized Individuals Among Seronegative Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"59","author":"Crespo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15315","article-title":"A prospective multicenter observational study of cell-mediated immunity as a predictor for cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04076.x","article-title":"Prospective analysis of human cytomegalovirus DNAemia and specific CD8+ T cell responses in lung transplant recipients","volume":"12","author":"Weseslindtner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31823c1cd4","article-title":"Clinical utility of cytomegalovirus cell-mediated immunity in transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus viremia","volume":"93","author":"Lisboa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12256","article-title":"Pretransplant immediately early-1-specific T cell responses provide protection for CMV infection after kidney transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Bestard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12049","article-title":"Pretransplant interferon-\u03b3 secretion by CMV-specific CD8+ T cells informs the risk of CMV replication after transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Lara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12787","article-title":"Comparative analysis of assays for detection of cell-mediated immunity toward cytomegalovirus and M. tuberculosis in samples from deceased organ donors","volume":"14","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00507","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Detection Using CRISPR\/Cas Biosensing Technologies","volume":"9","author":"Aman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit096","article-title":"Virologic suppression measured by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA test calibrated to the World Health Organization international standard is predictive of CMV disease resolution in transplant recipients","volume":"56","author":"Razonable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02513.x","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of cytomegalovirus viral load assays","volume":"9","author":"Pang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01287-11","article-title":"Factors contributing to variability of quantitative viral PCR results in proficiency testing samples: A multivariate analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hayden","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis212","article-title":"Interpreting quantitative cytomegalovirus DNA testing: Understanding the laboratory perspective","volume":"54","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw370","article-title":"Are We There Yet? Impact of the First International Standard for Cytomegalovirus DNA on the Harmonization of Results Reported on Plasma Samples","volume":"63","author":"Preiksaitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz452","article-title":"Differences in Duration and Degree of Cytomegalovirus DNAemia Observed with Two Standardized Quantitative Nucleic Acid Tests and Implications for Clinical Care","volume":"221","author":"Meesing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00888-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00888-19","article-title":"Impact of Fragmentation on Commutability of Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus Quantitative Standards","volume":"58","author":"Hayden","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200203270-00025","article-title":"The clinical use of various blood compartments for cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA quantitation in transplant recipients with CMV disease","volume":"73","author":"Razonable","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02217-x","article-title":"Droplet Digital PCR versus qPCR for gene expression analysis with low abundant targets: From variable nonsense to publication quality data","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01474-16","article-title":"Comparative Performance of Reagents and Platforms for Quantitation of Cytomegalovirus DNA by Digital PCR","volume":"54","author":"Hayden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2174\/187152611797636703","article-title":"Overview of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pumford, E.A., Lu, J., Spaczai, I., Prasetyo, M.E., Zheng, E.M., Zhang, H., and Kamei, D.T. (2020). Developments in integrating nucleic acid isothermal amplification and detection systems for point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens. Bioelectron., 170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112674"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/350091a0","article-title":"Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification","volume":"350","author":"Compton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.04.009","article-title":"Efficient amplification with NASBA of hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus DNA","volume":"151","author":"Deiman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20149","article-title":"Assessment of CMV load in solid organ transplant recipients by pp65 antigenemia and real-time quantitative DNA PCR assay: Correlation with pp67 RNA detection","volume":"74","author":"Mengoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7474","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00499","article-title":"Microfluidic Chip for Detection of Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Asghar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2003.12.005","article-title":"Real-time turbidimetry of LAMP reaction for quantifying template DNA","volume":"59","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-4656-9","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Principle, features, and future prospects","volume":"53","author":"Notomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.045","article-title":"Integration of isothermal amplification methods in microfluidic devices: Recent advances","volume":"90","author":"Giuffrida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01033G","article-title":"Integration of reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification with an immunochromatographic strip on a centrifugal microdevice for influenza A virus identification","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.01.015","article-title":"LAMP-on-a-chip: Revising microfluidic platforms for loop-mediated DNA amplification","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2020.02.002","article-title":"Loop-Primer Endonuclease Cleavage\u2013Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technology for Multiplex Pathogen Detection and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Identification","volume":"22","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.958-963.1999","article-title":"Multicenter comparison of the digene hybrid capture CMV DNA assay (version 2.0), the pp65 antigenemia assay, and cell culture for detection of cytomegalovirus viremia","volume":"37","author":"Mazzulli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0349-6","article-title":"Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease","volume":"4","author":"Blauwkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67656-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection from clinical whole genome sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Ramchandar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, S.C., Fachmann, M.S.R., Kiil, K., M\u00f8ller Nielsen, E., and Hoorfar, J. (2017). Gene-Based Pathogen Detection: Can We Use qPCR to Predict the Outcome of Diagnostic Metagenomics?. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8110332"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012751","article-title":"Clinical Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Detection","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2021.02.008","article-title":"Evaluation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Metagenomics Assay to Detect and Quantify DNA Viruses in Plasma from Transplant Recipients","volume":"23","author":"Sam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17947-1","article-title":"Gene-expression profiles to predict distant metastasis of lymph-node-negative primary breast cancer","volume":"365","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.2025041","article-title":"The era of Cas12 and Cas13 CRISPR-based disease diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132430","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: Versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation","volume":"45","author":"Bhaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829","article-title":"A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity","volume":"337","author":"Jinek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165771","article-title":"CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA","volume":"322","author":"Marraffini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0299-x","article-title":"Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: A burst of class 2 and derived variants","volume":"18","author":"Makarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.1922080","article-title":"Applications of the CRISPR-Cas system for infectious disease diagnostics","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guk, K., Yi, S., Kim, H., Bae, Y., Yong, D., Kim, S., Lee, K.-S., Lim, E.-K., Kang, T., and Jung, J. (2022). Hybrid CRISPR\/Cas protein for one-pot detection of DNA and RNA. Biosens. Bioelectron., 219.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4139900"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1793689","article-title":"Next-generation pathogen diagnosis with CRISPR\/Cas-based detection methods","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00760-7","article-title":"CRISPR-based diagnostics","volume":"5","author":"Kaminski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, B., Yuan, C., Li, L., Long, M., and Chen, Z. (2022). Application of the CRISPR\/Cas System in Pathogen Detection: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206999"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24049","article-title":"RNA targeting with CRISPR\u2013Cas13","volume":"550","author":"Abudayyeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"702","article-title":"CRISPR-based diagnostics","volume":"24","author":"Stower","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00209","article-title":"HOLMESv2: A CRISPR-Cas12b-Assisted Platform for Nucleic Acid Detection and DNA Methylation Quantitation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04985-w","article-title":"LAMP-CRISPR-Cas12-based diagnostic platform for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using real-time fluorescence or lateral flow test","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhong, J., Li, H., Qiao, Y., Mao, X., Fan, H., Zhong, Y., Imani, S., Zheng, S., and Li, J. (2023). Advances in the application of CRISPR-Cas technology in rapid detection of pathogen nucleic acid. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1260883"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhu, S., Zhang, X., Ren, Y., He, J., Zhou, J., Yin, L., Wang, G., Zhong, T., and Wang, L. (2023). Advances in the application of recombinase-aided amplification combined with CRISPR-Cas technology in quick detection of pathogenic microbes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1215466"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Lou, J., Ni, P., Jin, Y., Chen, S., Duan, G., and Zhang, R. (2022). Application of CRISPR\/Cas Systems in the Nucleic Acid Detection of Infectious Diseases. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102455"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97559-y","article-title":"Analysis of the application of a gene chip method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in clinical specimens: A retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Yan, W., Long, L., Dong, L., Ma, Y., Li, C., Xie, Y., Liu, N., Xing, Z., and Xia, W. (2023). The CRISPR\/Cas System: A Customizable Toolbox for Molecular Detection. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14040850"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3310\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:11:53Z","timestamp":1760130713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13213310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13213310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}