{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:06:37Z","timestamp":1783368397696,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the beginning of 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a new pandemic, leading to a worldwide health crisis and overwhelming healthcare systems due to high numbers of hospital admissions, insufficient resources, and a lack of standardized therapeutic protocols. Multiple genetic variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been detected since its first public declaration in 2020, some of them being considered variants of concern (VOCs) corresponding to several pandemic waves. Nevertheless, a growing number of COVID-19 patients are continuously discharged from hospitals, remaining symptomatic even months after their first episode of COVID-19 infection. Long COVID-19 or \u2018post-acute COVID-19 syndrome\u2019 emerged as the new pandemic, being characterized by a high variability of clinical manifestations ranging from cardiorespiratory and neurological symptoms such as chest pain, exertional dyspnoea or cognitive disturbance to psychological disturbances, e.g., depression, anxiety or sleep disturbance with a crucial impact on patients\u2019 quality of life. Moreover, Long COVID is viewed as a new cardiovascular risk factor capable of modifying the trajectory of current and future cardiovascular diseases, altering the patients\u2019 prognosis. Therefore, in this review we address the current definitions of Long COVID and its pathophysiology, with a focus on cardiovascular manifestations. Furthermore, we aim to review the mechanisms of acute and chronic cardiac injury and the variety of cardiovascular sequelae observed in recovered COVID-19 patients, in addition to the potential role of Long COVID clinics in the medical management of this new condition. We will further address the role of future research for a better understanding of the actual impact of Long COVID and future therapeutic directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Unmasking Pandemic Echoes: An In-Depth Review of Long COVID\u2019s Unabated Cardiovascular Consequences beyond 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Luiza","family":"Luchian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Higny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Robaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Berners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Colle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Xha\u00ebt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Blommaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Droogmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Iulia","family":"Motoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Cosyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Demeure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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