{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:34:43Z","timestamp":1792337683799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study systematically reviews the literature to evaluate the potential relationships between oral\/perioral piercing and consequent oral complications in the corresponding society. The second objective was determining public\/professional sectors\u2019 awareness of the subject. This research followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines for conducting systematic reviews and searching scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, until April 2023. Cross-sectional, cohort, and case\u2013control studies in English were deemed eligible. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using proper quality assessment guidelines. Of the 965 initial articles retrieved, 34 were considered suitable for qualitative synthesis after screening procedures and removing duplicates and irrelevant records. There appears to be an imbalance between the general public\u2019s low and dentists\u2019 high awareness. This draws attention to the shortage of professional and societal knowledge-sharing and education initiatives. Women were more than twice as likely as men to have oral piercings. Piercing usage had a low incidence among a cohort of students with a mean age of 16. Merely circumstantial evidence has indicated a plausible correlation between oral and perioral piercings and the emergence of secondary bacterial and fungal colonization, particularly periodontopathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans. Furthermore, several adverse consequences have been observed linked to various piercings\u2014such as lip and tongue piercings. These include caries, gingivitis\/periodontitis, dental fractures, enamel chipping\/cracks, plaque buildup, bone loss, bleeding, inflammation, and swelling. Given the risks involved and the complications that might impair oral health, the prevalence of oral piercings is alarming. As a result, public health authorities need to firmly support initiatives to raise awareness of the risks associated with oral\/perioral piercings. For piercers to enhance their expertise in this field, professional training is necessary because there is a shortage of knowledge on the possible adverse effects of piercings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"3371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Oral Complications Associated with the Piercing of Oral and Perioral Tissues and the Corresponding Degree of Awareness among Public and Professionals: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed","family":"Mosaddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Bucofacial Prosthesis, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 14166-34793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hemmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Jahangirnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsn","family":"Yazadaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Tebyaniyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 15847-15414, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Abdollahi Namanloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"838","article-title":"Oral Piercing and Its Complications in Two Serbian Youths A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"61","author":"Pejcic","year":"2012","journal-title":"W. 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