{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:55:48Z","timestamp":1776941748995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Eye Institute","award":["NEI P30-EY026877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEI P30-EY026877"]}]},{"name":"the Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.","award":["NEI P30-EY026877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEI P30-EY026877"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To describe longitudinal changes in patients with non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR) by utilizing different diagnostic modalities\/tests. Methods: The index study is a retrospective longitudinal review of sixteen eyes of eight patients from a tertiary care eye hospital diagnosed with npAIR. Multiple diagnostic modalities such as wide-angle fundus photography (WAFP), WA fundus autofluorescence (WAFAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), Goldmann visual field (GVF) perimetry, microperimetry (MP), electrophysiologic testing, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) were reviewed and analyzed. Results: At the baseline visits, anomalies were detected by multimodal diagnostic tests on all patients. Subjects were followed up for a median duration of 11.5 [3.0\u201318.7] months. Structural changes at the baseline were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on WAFP and WAFAF and 13 of 16 (81.2%) eyes on SD-OCT. Eight of the ten (80%) eyes that underwent AOSLO imaging depicted structural changes. Functional changes were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on GVF, 15 of 16 (93.7%) eyes on MP, and 11 of 16 (68.7%) eyes on full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG). Multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) tests were performed in 14 eyes, of which 12 (85.7%) and 14 (100%) of the eyes demonstrated functional abnormalities, respectively, at baseline. Compared to all the other structural diagnostic tools, AOSLO had a better ability to demonstrate deterioration in retinal microstructures occurring at follow-ups. Functional deterioration at follow-up was detected on GVF in 8 of 10 (80%) eyes, mf-ERG in 4 of 8 (50%) eyes, and MP in 7 of 16 (43.7%) eyes. The ff-ERG and VEP were stable in the majority of cases at follow-up. Conclusions: The utilization of multimodal imaging\/tests in the diagnosing and monitoring of npAIR patients can aid in identifying anomalous changes over time. Analysis of both the anatomical and functional aspects by these devices can be supportive of detecting the changes early in such patients. AOSLO shows promise as it enables the capture of high-resolution images demonstrating quantifiable changes to retinal microstructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1698979316000},"page":"3376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Structural and Functional Changes in Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9245-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Akhavanrezayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anadi","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"Birat Aankha Aspatal, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University, Biratnagar 45200, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil Gregory L.","family":"Onghanseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Makati Medical Center, Manila 1229, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nripun","family":"Sredar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moataz","family":"Razeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Hasanreisoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Regenold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng Xian","family":"Thng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Saeed","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Yavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Bazojoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur Sudhir","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Mobasserian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cigdem","family":"Yasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Trong Tuong","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunay","family":"Uludag Kirimli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irmak","family":"Karaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, 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Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hashem","family":"Ghoraba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana V.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6506-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dubra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan Dong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.019","article-title":"Autoimmune retinopathy","volume":"157","author":"Grange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. 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Retin."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3376\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:21Z","timestamp":1760130981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13213376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13213376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}