{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1784651038730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb are a misunderstood and underdiagnosed group of disorders, characterized by pain and dysesthesia, muscular weakness, and specific provoking movements on physical examination. The most frequent of these syndromes encountered in clinical practice are fibular nerve entrapment, proximal tibial neuropathy, sural nerve neuropathy, deep gluteal syndrome or sciatic nerve entrapment, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment, also known as meralgia paresthetica. These are commonly mistaken for lumbar plexopathies, radiculopathies, and musculotendinous diseases, which appear even more frequently and have overlapping clinical presentations. A comprehensive anamnesis, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic studies should help clarify the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is still unclear or a secondary cause of entrapment is suspected, magnetic resonance neurography, MRI, or ultrasonography should be conducted to clarify the etiology, rule out other diseases, and confirm the diagnosis. The aim of this narrative review was to help clinicians gain familiarity with this disease, with an increase in diagnostic confidence, leading to early diagnosis of nerve damage and prevention of muscle atrophy. We reviewed the epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and EDX technique and interpretation of the entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb, using articles published from 1970 to 2022 included in the Pubmed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T14:51:01Z","timestamp":1699109461000},"page":"3385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Diagnostic Approach to Lower Limb Entrapment Neuropathies: A Narrative Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicu C\u0103t\u0103lin","family":"Dr\u0103ghici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cIMOGEN\u201d Institute, Centre of Advanced Research Studies, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitalie","family":"V\u0103c\u0103ra\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Bolchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atamyrat","family":"Bashimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Maria","family":"Domni\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Ilu\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia Livin\u021b","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tudor Dimitrie","family":"Lupescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafin Fior","family":"Mure\u0219anu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRoNeuro\u201d Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 400364 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications","volume":"24","author":"Chhabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Trauma: Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery","volume":"29","author":"Clin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.01.017","article-title":"NIH Public Access","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24538","article-title":"HHS Public Access","volume":"98","author":"Modrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24937","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24937","article-title":"An Update on Peroneal Nerve Entrapment and Neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Fortier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2020.07.017","article-title":"Common Peroneal Nerve Injury and Recovery after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Carender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthroplast. Today"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.08.016","article-title":"Fibular (peroneal) neuropathy: Electrodiagnostic features and clinical correlates","volume":"24","author":"Marciniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.03.029","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity","volume":"5","author":"Craig","year":"2013","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20308","article-title":"Practice parameter: Utility of electrodiagnostic techniques in evaluating patients with suspected peroneal neuropathy: An evidence-based review","volume":"31","author":"Marciniak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268070","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathies III: Lower limb","volume":"14","author":"Beltran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.10.013","article-title":"Entrapment Neuropathies of the Lower Extremity","volume":"103","author":"Bowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25418","article-title":"Ultrasound versus MRI in common fibular neuropathy","volume":"55","author":"Bignotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2015.12.005","article-title":"Common Fibular Nerve Compression: Anatomy, Symptoms, Clinical Evaluation, and Surgical Decompression","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25203","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic reference values for upper and lower limb nerve conduction studies in adult populations","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25543","article-title":"Comparison of four different nerve conduction techniques of the superficial fibular sensory nerve","volume":"56","author":"Saffarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-23-01-58","article-title":"Entrapment neuropathy about the foot and ankle: An update","volume":"23","author":"Pomeroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31817e9d81","article-title":"Anatomic site for proximal tibial nerve compression: A cadaver study","volume":"62","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toncev, S., Sretenovic, S., Mitrovic, S., and Toncev, G. (2013). An unusual case of aneurysmal tibial nerve compression detected in ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.03.011"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.4.JNS091969","article-title":"Extreme intraneural ganglion cysts","volume":"114","author":"Spinner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2013.37.4.577","article-title":"Compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve at the lower calf caused by a ruptured intramuscular baker cyst","volume":"37","author":"Moon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2021.1910006","article-title":"Exercise induced neuropathic lower leg pain due to a tibial bone exostosis","volume":"49","author":"Scheltinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.3.545","article-title":"Neurovascular Compression Caused by Popliteus Muscle Enlargement Without Discrete Trauma","volume":"40","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31823aeb21","article-title":"Soleal sling syndrome (proximal tibial nerve compression): Results of surgical decompression","volume":"129","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35444","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.35444","article-title":"An Update on Posterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Fortier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.10.007","article-title":"Foot and Ankle Surgery Tarsal tunnel syndrome: A literature review","volume":"18","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2015.08.008","article-title":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome\u2014A narrative literature review","volume":"25","author":"Mcsweeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senarai, T., Pratipanawatr, T., Yurasakpong, L., Kruepunga, N., Limwachiranon, J., Phanthong, P., Meemon, K., Yammine, K., and Suwannakhan, A. (2022). Cross-Sectional Area of the Tibial Nerve in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ultrasonography Studies. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121696"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000842","article-title":"Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders: Clinical-Electrodiagnostic-Ultrasound Correlations, Fourth Edition","volume":"38","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Fournier, E. (2013). Atlas d\u2019\u00e9lectromyographie Emmanuel Fournier 2013, Lavoisier."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1003","article-title":"A rare case of an acute soleus arcade syndrome complicated by a ganglion cyst: Diagnosis by dynamic ultrasound","volume":"19","author":"Gruber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4925","article-title":"MR neurography findings of soleal sling entrapment","volume":"196","author":"Chhabra","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2011.00676.x","article-title":"3T magnetic resonance neurography of tibial nerve pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Chalian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-012-1571-6","article-title":"MRI findings in patients with tibial nerve compression near the knee","volume":"42","author":"Ladak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2011.01.006","article-title":"Peripheral nerve entrapments of the lower leg, ankle, and foot","volume":"16","author":"Flanigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2004.02.001","article-title":"Peripheral nerve entrapments","volume":"9","author":"Hirose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2011.01.012","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic evaluation of lower extremity neurogenic problems","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.304095188","article-title":"MR Imaging of Entrapment Neuropathies of the Lower Extremity","volume":"30","author":"Donovan","year":"2010","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1046","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20151020-15","article-title":"Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection of a Symptomatic Sural Neuroma","volume":"38","author":"Fader","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.04.035","article-title":"Imaging of the nerves of the knee region","volume":"82","author":"Damarey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220336","article-title":"Sural nerve: Imaging anatomy and pathology","volume":"96","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-020-05966-x","article-title":"Deep gluteal syndrome is defined as a non-discogenic sciatic nerve disorder with entrapment in the deep gluteal space: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Kizaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.2.2.0099","article-title":"Sciatica of nondisc origin and piriformis syndrome: Diagnosis by magnetic resonance neurography and interventional magnetic resonance imaging with outcome study of resulting treatment","volume":"2","author":"Filler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2013.04.003","article-title":"Piriformis muscle syndrome: Diagnostic criteria and treatment of a monocentric series of 250 patients","volume":"56","author":"Michel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B5.BJJ-2019-1212.R1","article-title":"Deep gluteal syndrome as a cause of posterior hip pain and sciatica-like pain","volume":"102-B","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/jhps\/hnv029","article-title":"Deep gluteal syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hip Preserv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1504-9","article-title":"The clinical features of the piriformis syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Hopayian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-017-2031-8","article-title":"Four symptoms define the piriformis syndrome: An updated systematic review of its clinical features","volume":"28","author":"Hopayian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirschner, J.S., Foye, P.M., and Cole, J.L. (2009). Piriformis Syndrome, Diagnosis and Treatment, Healthline Media UK.","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21318"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-013-0009-5","article-title":"Brief review: Piriformis syndrome: Etiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"60","author":"Jankovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-015-2124-6","article-title":"Deep gluteal syndrome: Anatomy, imaging, and management of sciatic nerve entrapments in the subgluteal space","volume":"44","author":"Hernando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.03.2016.16","article-title":"Deep gluteal space problems: Piriformis syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release","volume":"6","author":"Carro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100015298","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: Myths and facts","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1180-7","article-title":"Anatomical variations between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle: A contribution to surgical anatomy in piriformis syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Natsis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12189","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12189","article-title":"Piriformis Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Probst","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000110","article-title":"Piriformis syndrome: A cause of nondiscogenic sciatica","volume":"14","author":"Cass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00585.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Piriformis Syndrome in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients. A Clinical Diagnosis with Modified FAIR Test","volume":"13","author":"Nizar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2758-7","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal region","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fishman, L.M., and Wilkins, A.N. (2011). Functional Electromyography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-020-5"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2023, May 14). Meralgia Paresthetica: A Review of the Literature\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24377074\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.02.003","article-title":"Sonographic and electrophysiologic findings in patients with meralgia paresthetica","volume":"124","author":"Suh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1673582","article-title":"Meralgia paresthetica: Finding an effective cure","volume":"132","author":"Sanjaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Coffey, R., and Gupta, V. (2023). Meralgia Paresthetica, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318233b356","article-title":"Meralgia paresthetica: Relation to obesity, advanced age, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"77","author":"Parisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1406-5","article-title":"Incidence of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropraxia after anterior approach hip arthroplasty","volume":"468","author":"Goulding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10536","article-title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials for the electrodiagnosis of meralgia paresthetica","volume":"29","author":"Seror","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.04.014","article-title":"Reliability of sensory nerve-conduction and somatosensory evoked potentials for diagnosis of meralgia paraesthetica","volume":"120","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_441_20","article-title":"Role of Pain-Related Evoked Potential in the Diagnosis of Meralgia Paresthetica","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Indian. Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181632487","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block for meralgia paresthetica","volume":"106","author":"Tumber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4976-8","article-title":"Magnetic resonance neurography: Current perspectives and literature review","volume":"28","author":"Chhabra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senarai, T., Suwannakhan, A., Pratipanawatr, T., Yammine, K., Yurasakpong, L., Sathapornsermsuk, T., Janta, S., and Kittiboonya, A. (2023). Normative Reference Values of the Tibial Nerve in Healthy Individuals Using Ultrasonography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196186"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14850","article-title":"Cross-sectional area reference values for peripheral nerve ultrasound in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis\u2014Part II: Lower extremity nerves","volume":"28","author":"Fisse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.04.013","article-title":"Longitudinal Movements and Stiffness of Lower Extremity Nerves Measured by Ultrasonography and Ultrasound Elastography in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Populations: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rossetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3385\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:17:39Z","timestamp":1760131059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/21\/3385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13213385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13213385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]]}}}