{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:47Z","timestamp":1787027927999,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodic assessment of bacterial contamination is necessary as it allows proper guidance in cases of eye infections through the use of appropriate antibiotics. Due to the extensive use of antibiotic treatment, many strains of the microbiota that cause infections are resistant to the usual ophthalmic antibiotics. The present study provides an updated assessment of the susceptibility of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria found on the ocular surface to the most commonly used antibiotic agents in patients undergoing cataract surgery. A total of 993 patients were included in the study with ages between 44 and 98 years old. Conjunctival cultures were collected 7 days before cataract surgery. The response of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to various antibiotic classes, such as glycopeptides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, rifamycins, macrolides and penicillins, was assessed. From the tested antibiotics, vancomycin had 97.8% efficacy on Gram-positive bacteria. In the cephalosporin category, we observed a high level of resistance of the cefuroxime for both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Antibiotics that have more than 90% efficacy on Gram-positive bacteria are meropenem, imipenem, netilmicin, amikacin and rifampicin. On Gram-negative bacteria, we found 100% efficacy of all tested fluoroquinolones, i.e., aminoglycosides (except for tobramycin), doxycycline, azithromycin, clarithromycin and chloramphenicol. The current study illustrates patterns of increased resistance in certain bacteria present on the ocular surface to some of the commonly used antibiotics in ophthalmological clinical practice. One such revealing example is cefuroxime, which has been highly used as an intracameral antibiotic for the prevention of bacterial endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13223409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1699517338000},"page":"3409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Susceptibility of Ocular Surface Bacteria to Various Antibiotic Agents in a Romanian Ophthalmology Clinic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aurelian Mihai","family":"Ghita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bld., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, 169 Splaiul Independen\u021bei Street, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Adriana","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bld., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Ghita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa Adriana","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/life4020217","article-title":"Horizontal Gene Transfer among Bacteria and Its Role in Biological Evolution","volume":"4","author":"Arber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"819","article-title":"Horizontal Gene Transfer in Evolution: Facts and Challenges","volume":"277","author":"Boto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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