{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:20:15Z","timestamp":1791534015090,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhesive capsulitis is an idiopathic and disabling disorder characterized by intense shoulder pain and progressive limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion. Although adhesive capsulitis has been traditionally considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can be established based on a suggestive medical history and the detection of supporting findings at the physical exam, imaging studies are commonly requested to confirm the diagnostic suspicion and to exclude other causes of shoulder pain. Indeed, clinical findings may be rather unspecific, and may overlap with diseases like calcific tendinitis, rotator cuff pathology, acromioclavicular or glenohumeral arthropathy, autoimmune disorders, and subacromial\/subdeltoid bursitis. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance arthrography, and high-resolution ultrasound have shown high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing adhesive capsulitis through the demonstration of specific pathological findings, including thickening of the joint capsule and of the coracohumeral ligament, fibrosis of the subcoracoid fat triangle, and extravasation of gadolinium outside the joint recesses. This narrative review provides an updated analysis of the current concepts on the role of imaging modalities in patients with adhesive capsulitis, with the final aim of proposing an evidence-based imaging protocol for the radiological evaluation of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13223410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1699517338000},"page":"3410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Current Concepts on the Diagnostic Work-Up and Evidence-Based Protocol for Radiological Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Picasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Pistoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Zaottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Marcenaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Antonio Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Miguel-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Anatom\u00eda y Embriolog\u00eda Humana, Departamento de Patolog\u00eda y Terap\u00e9utica Experimental, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (Campus de Bellvitge), Universitat de Barcelona, 08904 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Stefano","family":"Tagliafico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genova, Liguria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Antonio Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Martinoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genova, Liguria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Universit\u00e0 di Genova, Via Antonio Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Liguria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-016-0491-8","article-title":"Multi-modal imaging of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"7","author":"Zappia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Codman, E.A. 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