{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:13:46Z","timestamp":1790702026480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the effect of using an artificial intelligence (AI) system (Diagnocat, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) for caries detection by comparing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation results with and without the software. 500 CBCT volumes are scored by three dentomaxillofacial radiologists for the presence of caries separately on a five-point confidence scale without and with the aid of the AI system. After visual evaluation, the deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model generated a radiological report and observers scored again using AI interface. The ground truth was determined by a hybrid approach. Intra- and inter-observer agreements are evaluated with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa statistics. A total of 6008 surfaces are determined as \u2018presence of caries\u2019 and 13,928 surfaces are determined as \u2018absence of caries\u2019 for ground truth. The area under the ROC curve of observer 1, 2, and 3 are found to be 0.855\/0.920, 0.863\/0.917, and 0.747\/0.903, respectively (unaided\/aided). Fleiss Kappa coefficients are changed from 0.325 to 0.468, and the best accuracy (0.939) is achieved with the aided results. The radiographic evaluations performed with aid of the AI system are found to be more compatible and accurate than unaided evaluations in the detection of dental caries with CBCT images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13223471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T07:33:18Z","timestamp":1700292798000},"page":"3471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of a Decision Support System Developed with Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Dental Caries with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan","family":"Amasya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul 34320, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"CAST (Cerrahpasa Research, Simulation and Design Laboratory), Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul 34320, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8475-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Alkhader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6zde","family":"Serindere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31060, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Futyma-G\u0105bka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceren","family":"Aktuna Belgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31060, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Gusarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnocat, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matvey","family":"Ezhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnocat, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"\u00d6nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 0600, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnocat, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Luiz Ferreira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), S\u00e3o Paulo 08060-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio L\u00facio Pereira de","family":"Castro Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 01049-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 0600, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara University Medical Design Application, Ankara 06560, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnostics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000503309","article-title":"Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR","volume":"54","author":"Machiulskiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2021\/8705","article-title":"Dental caries in South African fossil hominins","volume":"117","author":"Towle","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. 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