{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:35:42Z","timestamp":1788813342217,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/001\/1148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/001\/1148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a tick-borne disease known for its diagnostic challenges. Conventional two-tiered testing (CTTT) for antibodies is time-consuming, has low sensitivity in the early stages of disease, and sometimes generates false-positive IgM immunoblots. To tackle this issue, modified two-tiered testing (MTTT) was introduced, incorporating recombinant VlsE and C6 antigens to enhance diagnostic accuracy. (2) Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled children exhibiting symptoms indicative of LB. We collected serum samples at various intervals and subjected them to analysis using standard enzyme immunoassays. We then compared these results with the outcomes from the VlsE and C6 assays. (3) Results: In our study, all 33 patients displaying erythema migrans (EM), a characteristic symptom of LB, exhibited positive responses to the C6 antigen. This finding underscores the potential utility of the C6 antigen as a reliable diagnostic tool for LB. Additionally, we observed a significant reduction in anti-VlsE antibody levels following antibiotic treatment in EM patients. (4) Conclusions: The utilization of recombinant VlsE and C6 antigens in LB diagnostics and monitoring has yielded promising results. Nonetheless, it is imperative for clinicians to exercise caution and interpret results in conjunction with clinical findings, considering the dynamic nature of medical guidelines. Even with recombinant antigen tests, some children with EM tested negative, highlighting the importance of clinical diagnosis for treatment decisions. Furthermore, clinicians should be mindful of the possibility of persistently positive VlsE\/C6 test results during LB treatment monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T07:40:01Z","timestamp":1701157201000},"page":"3547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic Precision in Lyme borreliosis: Assessing VlsE and C6 Antigens in a Pediatric Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Wozinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Toczylowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Bojkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6241-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Sulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16090","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","article-title":"Lyme Borreliosis","volume":"2","author":"Steere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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