{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:58:45Z","timestamp":1792418325938,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries remains a significant global health issue. It was highlighted by the World Health Organization\u2019s 2022 reports that despite the efforts and scientific advancements in caries detection and management, the situation has only marginally improved over the past three decades. The persistence of this problem may be linked to outdated concepts developed almost a century ago but are still guiding dentists\u2019 approach to caries management today. There is a need to reconsider professional strategies for preventing and managing the disease. Contemporary dentistry could benefit from embracing new concepts and technologies for caries detection and management. Dentists should explore, among others, alternative methods for caries detection such as optical-based caries detection. These tools have been established for over a decade and they align with current disease understanding and international recommendations, emphasizing early detection and minimally invasive management. This narrative review presents the current state of knowledge and recent trends in caries detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and management, offering insights into future perspectives for clinical applications and research topics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13243649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T09:15:33Z","timestamp":1702372533000},"page":"3649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Detection, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Early Caries: The Future of Individualized Dental Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Medicine and Primary Care, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789\u20131858."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519837252","article-title":"A Century of Change towards Prevention and Minimal Intervention in Cariology","volume":"98","author":"Innes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00383.x","article-title":"Dental caries paradigms in diagnosis and diagnostic research","volume":"114","author":"Baelum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000016450","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of dental caries in 12-year-old children in Kaunas, Lithuania 1995","volume":"32","author":"Machiulskiene","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03470.x","article-title":"Systematic reviews of selected dental caries diagnostic and management methods","volume":"65","author":"Bader","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12028","article-title":"Non-surgical management methods of noncavitated carious lesions","volume":"41","author":"Tellez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, J. (2015). Detection and diagnosis of the early caries lesion. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-15-S1-S3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1983.tb01883.x","article-title":"Monitoring of caries progression in permanent and primary posterior approximal enamel by bitewing radiography","volume":"11","author":"Pitts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1187","article-title":"The apparent radiopaque surface layer of the enamel","volume":"77","author":"Hollander","year":"1935","journal-title":"Dent. Cosm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345400190010501","article-title":"The Radiopaque Surface Layer of Enamel and Caries","volume":"19","author":"Applebaum","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"387","article-title":"The X-ray Examination of Enamel: (Section of Odontology)","volume":"33","author":"Thewlis","year":"1940","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"773","article-title":"Dynamic factors affecting lesion initiation and progression in human dental enamel. II. Surface morphology of sound enamel and carieslike lesions of enamel","volume":"19","author":"Silverstone","year":"1988","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., Nyvad, B., and Kidd, E.A.M. (2015). Dental Caries the Disease and Its Clinical Management, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764479","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.764479","article-title":"Understanding dental caries as a non-communicable and behavioral disease: Management implications","volume":"3","author":"Giacaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0355","article-title":"The biology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of dental caries: Scientific advances in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Zero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000016592","article-title":"Ten-year incidence of dental caries in adult and elderly Chinese","volume":"34","author":"Luan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000503309","article-title":"Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR","volume":"54","author":"Machiulskiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-15-S1-S9","article-title":"The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS) An Example of a Caries Management Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Ismail","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12025","article-title":"International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and its International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS)\u2014Methods for staging of the caries process and enabling dentists to manage caries","volume":"41","author":"Pitts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000077754","article-title":"Diagnosis versus detection of caries","volume":"38","author":"Nyvad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000016460","article-title":"Detection, diagnosing, monitoring and logical treatment of occlusal caries in relation to lesion activity and severity: An in vivo examination with histological validation","volume":"32","author":"Ekstrand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000016526","article-title":"Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions","volume":"33","author":"Nyvad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00022.x","article-title":"The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index: Rational and development","volume":"61","author":"Frencken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000261041","article-title":"Light microscope study of the effect of probing in occlusal surfaces","volume":"21","author":"Ekstrand","year":"1987","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"183","article-title":"Physical effects of non-cavitated explorer probing on enamel smooth-surface carious lesions","volume":"28","author":"Boston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000261281","article-title":"Comparison of the initial streptococcal microflora on dental enamel in caries-active and in caries-inactive individuals","volume":"24","author":"Nyvad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.2341\/15-022-O","article-title":"When and How to Intervene in the Caries Process","volume":"41","author":"Paris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4807325","article-title":"A reappraisal of the value of the bitewing radiograph in the diagnosis of posterior approximal caries","volume":"169","author":"Kidd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"369","article-title":"Microbiology of the early colonization of human enamel and root surfaces in vivo","volume":"95","author":"Nyvad","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000016454","article-title":"Reliability of visual examination, fibre-optic transillumination, and bite-wing radiography, and reproducibility of direct visual examination following tooth separation for the identification of cavitated carious lesions in contacting approximal surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Hintze","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000262336","article-title":"Cavitation at radiolucent areas on proximal surfaces of posterior teeth","volume":"30","author":"Akpata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000261500","article-title":"An in vivo comparison of radiographic and directly assessed clinical caries status of posterior approximal surfaces in primary and permanent teeth","volume":"26","author":"Pitts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511422064","article-title":"Sealing caries in primary molars: Randomized control trial, 5-year results","volume":"90","author":"Innes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0022","article-title":"Ultraconservative and Cariostatic Sealed Restorations: Results at Year 10","volume":"129","author":"Curtis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21842-8","article-title":"Bacterial reduction in sealed caries lesions is strain- and material-specific","volume":"8","author":"Marggraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2467-2472.2005","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic selection of microbiota surviving under dental restorations","volume":"71","author":"Paddick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516639271","article-title":"Managing Carious Lesions: Consensus Recommendations on Carious Tissue Removal","volume":"28","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"193","article-title":"\u201cICDAS\u201d\u2014An international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management","volume":"21","author":"Pitts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1159\/000480522","article-title":"Nyvad Criteria for Caries Lesion Activity and Severity Assessment: A Validated Approach for Clinical Management and Research","volume":"52","author":"Nyvad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080020401","article-title":"In vivo caries models\u2014Mechanisms for caries initiation and arrestment","volume":"8","author":"Thylstrup","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00901.x","article-title":"Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination","volume":"25","author":"Nyvad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2018.1444201","article-title":"Relationship between depth of approximal caries lesions and presence of bacteria in the dentine in primary and permanent posterior teeth: A radiographic examination with microbiological evaluation","volume":"76","author":"Bakhshandeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v2.i5.137","article-title":"Systematic review of noninvasive treatments to arrest dentin non-cavitated caries lesions","volume":"2","author":"Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"CD010431","article-title":"Micro-invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth","volume":"2015","author":"Dorri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"GV, B. (1914). Operative Dentistry, Pathology of the Hard Tissues of the Teeth, Claudius Ash."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3109\/00016355308993925","article-title":"The Vipeholm dental caries study; the effect of different levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years","volume":"11","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345540330020201","article-title":"Use of the germfree animal technic in the study of experimental dental caries. I. Basic observations on rats reared free of all microorganisms","volume":"33","author":"Orland","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(65)90166-0","article-title":"The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats","volume":"20","author":"Kakehashi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, P.D. (2006). Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community\u2014Implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000075937","article-title":"Caries incidence and lesion progression from adolescence to young adulthood: A prospective 15-year cohort study in Sweden","volume":"38","author":"Mejare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0306-0","article-title":"Caries status and proximal lesion behaviour during a 6-year period in young adult Danes: An epidemiological investigation","volume":"14","author":"Martignon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0339","article-title":"Patient risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: The impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations regarding dose calculation","volume":"139","author":"Ludlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.02.009","article-title":"Radiographic caries detection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2005.05.008","article-title":"Early caries imaging and monitoring with near-infrared light","volume":"49","author":"Fried","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.06.001","article-title":"Caries detection and diagnosis: Novel technologies","volume":"34","author":"Pretty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1559-4","article-title":"In vivo validation of near-infrared light transillumination for interproximal dentin caries detection","volume":"20","author":"Kuhnisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.1007","article-title":"Minimal intervention dentistry: Part 1. From \u2018compulsive\u2019 restorative dentistry to rational therapeutic strategies","volume":"213","author":"Featherstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, M., and Krejci, I. (2019). Longitudinal Caries Detection and Monitoring with Near Infrared Transillumination, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.008","article-title":"Near infrared transillumination compared with radiography to detect and monitor proximal caries: A clinical retrospective study","volume":"70","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed Nur, M., Vazquez, L., Anton, Y.O.C., Giacobino, C., Krejci, I., and Abdelaziz, M. (2022). Near-Infrared Transillumination for Occlusal Carious Lesion Detection: A Retrospective Reliability Study. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010036"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Practical clinical preventive dentistry based upon periodic roentgen\u2013ray examinations","volume":"12","author":"Raper","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1159\/000016532","article-title":"A comparison of clinical and radiographic caries diagnoses in posterior teeth of 12-year-old Lithuanian children","volume":"33","author":"Machiulskiene","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2014.888757","article-title":"Radiographic display of carious lesions and cavitation in approximal surfaces: Advantages and drawbacks of conventional and advanced modalities","volume":"72","author":"Wenzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03472.x","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of dental caries: A European perspective","volume":"65","author":"Pitts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Should a dental explorer be used to probe suspected carious lesions? No\u2014Use of an explorer can lead to misdiagnosis and disrupt remineralization","volume":"136","author":"Stookey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"321","article-title":"Methods used by dental practice-based research network dentists to diagnose dental caries","volume":"130","author":"Gordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tex. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C56","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s12","article-title":"Visual and visuo-tactile detection of dental caries","volume":"83","author":"Ismail","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000275570","article-title":"Preliminary study to establish a relationship between tactile sensation and surface roughness","volume":"44","author":"Ando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12021","article-title":"Non-cavitated carious lesions detection methods: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2005.05.010","article-title":"Utility of radiology, laser fluorescence, and transillumination","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.767","article-title":"Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management, Third Edition","volume":"221","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.03.009","article-title":"Detection and treatment of proximal caries lesions: Milieu-specific cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"43","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12007","article-title":"Minimal intervention dentistry for managing dental caries\u2014A review: Report of a FDI task group","volume":"62","author":"Frencken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2021.02.002","article-title":"Radiology of Dental Caries","volume":"65","author":"Dayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-015-0050-2","article-title":"Detecting Short-Term Changes in the Activity of Caries Lesions with the Aid of New Technologies","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2012.690448","article-title":"Adjunct methods for caries detection: A systematic review of literature","volume":"71","author":"Twetman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.16-0595","article-title":"Alternative methods to visual and radiographic examinations for approximal caries detection","volume":"59","author":"Abogazalah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.dmfr.4600644","article-title":"Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF): A method for assessment of incipient caries lesions","volume":"30","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"Cd013811","article-title":"Fluorescence devices for the detection of dental caries","volume":"12","author":"Macey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"38","article-title":"Applications of Laser induced Fluorescence in Dentistry","volume":"3","author":"Shakibaie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Clin."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence: Shedding new light on dental biofilms and dental caries","volume":"18","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2001.109001014.x","article-title":"Clinical performance of a laser fluorescence device for detection of occlusal caries lesions","volume":"109","author":"Lussi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000148162","article-title":"Performance of fluorescence methods, radiographic examination and ICDAS II on occlusal surfaces in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"325","article-title":"Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)\u2014A literature review","volume":"7","author":"Kuhnisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Dent."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, J.A., Hug, I., Neuhaus, K.W., and Lussi, A. (2011). Light-emitting diode and laser fluorescence-based devices in detecting occlusal caries. J. Biomed. Opt., 16.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3631796"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1111-6","article-title":"Evaluation of a new fluorescence-based device in the detection of incipient occlusal caries lesions","volume":"28","author":"Achilleos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rechmann, P., Charland, D., Rechmann, B.M., and Featherstone, J.D. (2012). Performance of laser fluorescence devices and visual examination for the detection of occlusal caries in permanent molars. J. Biomed. Opt., 17.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.3.036006"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"R3314","article-title":"Optical smoothing techniques for shock wave generation in laser-produced plasmas","volume":"50","author":"Koenig","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000083162","article-title":"Comparative fluorescence spectroscopy shows differences in noncavitated enamel lesions","volume":"39","author":"Buchalla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00173.x","article-title":"Comparative fluorescence spectroscopy of root caries lesions","volume":"112","author":"Buchalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2004.00747.x","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy of dental calculus","volume":"39","author":"Buchalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volgenant, C.M., Hoogenkamp, M.A., Buijs, M.J., Zaura, E., Ten Cate, J.M., and van der Veen, M.H. (2016). Red fluorescent biofilm: The thick, the old, and the cariogenic. J. Oral Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v8.30346"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12045","article-title":"Effect of metalloporphyrins on red autofluorescence from oral bacteria","volume":"121","author":"Volgenant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.02.010","article-title":"Dynamics of red fluorescent dental plaque during experimental gingivitis\u2014A cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Volgenant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000061639","article-title":"Application of quantitative light-induced fluorescence for assessing early caries lesions","volume":"17","year":"2000","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374870010010601","article-title":"Optical methods for the detection and quantification of caries","volume":"1","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"320","article-title":"New caries detection technologies and modern caries management: Merging the strategies","volume":"50","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740121301","article-title":"HeNe-laser light scattering by human dental enamel","volume":"74","author":"Zijp","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C89","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s18","article-title":"A review of potential new diagnostic modalities for caries lesions","volume":"83","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270729","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/270729","article-title":"Caries Detection Methods Based on Changes in Optical Properties between Healthy and Carious Tissue","volume":"2010","author":"Karlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, L., Maia, A.M., Kyotoku, B.B., Tranaeus, S., Gomes, A.S., and Margulis, W. (2010). Near-infrared transillumination of teeth: Measurement of a system performance. J. Biomed. Opt., 15.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3427135"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.001278","article-title":"Nature of light scattering in dental enamel and dentin at visible and near-infrared wavelengths","volume":"34","author":"Fried","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1970.0117","article-title":"Transillumination of the oral cavity with use of fiber optics","volume":"80","author":"Friedman","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Transillumination of the oral cavity by means of fiber optics","volume":"30","author":"Friedman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med. Hyg. Geneve"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(73)90342-3","article-title":"The use of fiber optics transillumination for the detection of proximal caries","volume":"36","author":"Barenie","year":"1973","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01525-7","article-title":"Fiber optic lighting systems: Their role in dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Bomba","year":"1971","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000016621","article-title":"An in vitro comparison of the ability of fibre-optic transillumination, visual inspection and radiographs to detect occlusal caries and evaluate lesion depth","volume":"34","author":"Cortes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000262348","article-title":"Dynamics of and diagnostic methods for detecting small carious lesions","volume":"30","author":"Pine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000224211","article-title":"Traditional lesion detection aids","volume":"21","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000262384","article-title":"Assessment of dental caries with Digital Imaging Fiber-Optic TransIllumination (DIFOTI): In vitro study","volume":"31","author":"Schneiderman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1109\/42.640756","article-title":"Wavelet representations for monitoring changes in teeth imaged with digital imaging fiber-optic transillumination","volume":"16","author":"Keem","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326401","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/326401","article-title":"Approximal Caries Detection by DIFOTI: In Vitro Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy\/Efficacy with Film and Digital Radiography","volume":"2012","author":"Astvaldsdottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2005.0111","article-title":"Digital imaging fiber-optic trans-illumination, F-speed radiographic film and depth of approximal lesions","volume":"136","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1159\/000262405","article-title":"Wavelength-dependent fibre-optic transillumination of small approximal caries lesions: The use of a dye, and a comparison to bitewing radiography","volume":"31","author":"Vaarkamp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.52881","article-title":"The relative diagnostic yields of clinical, FOTI and radiographic examinations for the detection of approximal caries in youngsters","volume":"20","author":"Mialhe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Fried, D. (2013). Handbook of Biophotonics, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling, C.L., Huynh, G.D., and Fried, D. (2006). Light scattering properties of natural and artificially demineralized dental enamel at 1310 nm. J. Biomed. Opt., 11.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2204603"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.11.002259","article-title":"Near-infrared transillumination at 1310-nm for the imaging of early dental decay","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.000573","article-title":"Imaging of occlusal dental caries (decay) with near-IR light at 1310-nm","volume":"13","author":"Buhler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"158","article-title":"DIAGNOcam\u2014A Near Infrared Digital Imaging Transillumination (NIDIT) technology","volume":"10","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Esthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.01.008","article-title":"Near-infrared imaging of secondary caries lesions around composite restorations at wavelengths from 1300-1700-nm","volume":"32","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/32702114","article-title":"Evaluation of two imaging techniques: Near-infrared transillumination and dental radiographs for the detection of early approximal enamel caries","volume":"40","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1704-3","article-title":"Assessment of a new infrared laser transillumination technology (808 nm) for the detection of occlusal caries-an in vitro study","volume":"30","author":"Bussaneli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21139","article-title":"Non-destructive clinical assessment of occlusal caries lesions using near-IR imaging methods","volume":"43","author":"Staninec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20746","article-title":"High contrast near-infrared polarized reflectance images of demineralization on tooth buccal and occlusal surfaces at lambda = 1310-nm","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"141","article-title":"Influence of stains on lesion contrast in the pits and fissures of tooth occlusal surfaces from 800-1600-nm","volume":"9692","author":"Almaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"63","article-title":"Optical changes of dentin in the near-IR as a function of mineral content","volume":"10044","author":"Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103841","article-title":"Intraoral scanner featuring transillumination for proximal caries detection. An in vitro validation study on permanent posterior teeth","volume":"116","author":"Michou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlenz, M.A., Schupp, B., Schmidt, A., W\u00f6stmann, B., Baresel, I., Kr\u00e4mer, N., and Schulz-Weidner, N. (2022). New Caries Diagnostic Tools in Intraoral Scanners: A Comparative In Vitro Study to Established Methods in Permanent and Primary Teeth. Sensor, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062156"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Accuracy of different approaches for detecting proximal root caries lesions in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Preus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"531","article-title":"Caries detection and diagnostics with near-infrared light transillumination: Clinical experiences","volume":"45","author":"Sochtig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsawaf, A.E., Deri, A.Y.A., Armanious, P.S., Khasawneh, A.M., AlKhaja, A.M., Yasin, A.R., Al-Rawi, N.H., Kawas, S.A., and Shetty, S.R. (Eur. J. Dent., 2023). Efficiency of Near-Infrared Technology in the Clinical Detection of Carious Lesions: A Systematic Review, Eur. J. Dent., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1761187"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160417","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20160417","article-title":"Digital transillumination in caries detection versus radiographic and clinical methods: An in-vivo study","volume":"46","author":"Cagetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.05.018","article-title":"In vitro performance of near infrared light transillumination at 780-nm and digital radiography for detection of non-cavitated approximal caries","volume":"63","author":"Abogazalah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170292","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20170292","article-title":"Inter-and intra-examiner reliability of bitewing radiography and near-infrared light transillumination for proximal caries detection and assessment","volume":"46","author":"Litzenburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0049","article-title":"The correlation of DIFOTI to clinical and radiographic images in Class II carious lesions","volume":"139","author":"Yaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.06.012","article-title":"Caries management decision: Influence of dentist and patient factors in the provision of dental services","volume":"37","author":"Leger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.10.006","article-title":"Approximal and occlusal carious lesions: Restorative treatment decisions by California dentists","volume":"147","author":"Rechmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., and Kidd, E.A.M. (2008). Dental Caries the Disease and its Clinical Management, Blackwell Munksgaard. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00538-6","article-title":"In vivo correlation of near-infrared transillumination and visual inspection with bitewing radiography for the detection of interproximal caries in permanent and primary teeth","volume":"21","author":"Vandenbulcke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03078-z","article-title":"Near-infrared transillumination with high dynamic range imaging for occlusal caries detection in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Litzenburger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630110301","article-title":"Comparison of artificial white spots by microradiography and polarized light microscopy","volume":"63","author":"Wefel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22500","article-title":"Clinical monitoring of smooth surface enamel lesions using CP-OCT during nonsurgical intervention","volume":"48","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, R.S., Darling, C.L., Featherstone, J.D., and Fried, D. (2006). Remineralization of in vitro dental caries assessed with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt., 11.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2161192"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"89290E","article-title":"Automated detection of remineralization in simulated enamel lesions with PS-OCT","volume":"8929","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ando, M., Ferreira-Zandona, A.G., Eckert, G.J., Zero, D.T., and Stookey, G.K. (2017). Pilot clinical study to assess caries lesion activity using quantitative light-induced fluorescence during dehydration. J. Biomed. Opt., 22.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.3.035005"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.03.005","article-title":"Assessment of remineralization via measurement of dehydration rates with thermal and near-IR reflectance imaging","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500333","article-title":"Activity assessment of root caries lesions with thermal and near-infrared imaging methods","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"6803609","article-title":"Infrared methods for assessment of the activity of natural enamel caries lesions","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"83","article-title":"Quantification of Early Carious Enamel Lesions by using an Infrared Camera","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Stookey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Early Detection of Dental Caries II"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.06.010","article-title":"Occlusal caries detection by using thermal imaging","volume":"38","author":"Zakian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520951157","article-title":"Thermal Imaging of Root Caries In Vivo","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23371","article-title":"High Contrast Reflectance Imaging of Enamel Demineralization and Remineralization at 1950-nm for the Assessment of Lesion Activity","volume":"53","author":"Fried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23528","article-title":"Monitoring silver diamine fluoride application with optical coherence tomography and thermal imaging: An in vitro proof of concept study","volume":"54","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000016521","article-title":"Detection of early interproximal caries in vitro using laser fluorescence, dye-enhanced laser fluorescence and direct visual examination","volume":"33","author":"Eggertsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3755-8","article-title":"The Calcivis story\u2014Enamel caries activity assessment from technology to practice","volume":"231","author":"Pitts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drancourt, N., Roger-Leroi, V., Pereira, B., Munoz-Sanchez, M.L., Linas, N., Vendittelli, F., and Domejean, S. (2020). Validity of Soprolife camera and Calcivis device in caries lesion activity assessment. Br. Dent. J.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-020-2316-x"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.400","article-title":"Clinical validation of a novel bioluminescence imaging technology for aiding the assessment of carious lesion activity status","volume":"7","author":"Pitts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600883","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600883","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Targeting and Detection of Microcavities","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104243","article-title":"Early occlusal caries detection using targeted fluorescent starch nanoparticles","volume":"125","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-023-00134-y","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel caries detecting oral rinse","volume":"9","author":"Amaechi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000527118","article-title":"Convolution Neural Networks and Targeted Fluorescent Nanoparticles to Detect and ICDAS Score Caries","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"245","article-title":"Diagnosis of approximal caries: Radiographic versus clinical examination using tooth separation","volume":"5","author":"Rosito","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1159\/000355297","article-title":"A pilot study of a modified radiographic technique for detecting early proximal cavities","volume":"47","author":"Akbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.103222","article-title":"Enhancing the detection of proximal cavities on near infrared transillumination images with Indocyanine Green (ICG) as a contrast medium: In vitro proof of concept studies","volume":"91","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"9","article-title":"Assessment of cavitation in artificial approximal dental lesions with near-IR imaging","volume":"10044","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519871884","article-title":"Caries Detection with Near-Infrared Transillumination Using Deep Learning","volume":"98","author":"Casalegno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104080","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of AI for caries detection: Randomized trial","volume":"119","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514561260","article-title":"Detecting and treating occlusal caries lesions: A cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"94","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000016502","article-title":"Incidence and progression of approximal caries from 11 to 22 years of age in Sweden: A prospective radiographic study","volume":"33","author":"Mejare","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2341\/18-076-L","article-title":"Tailored Dentistry: From \u201cOne Size Fits All\u201d to Precision Dental Medicine?","volume":"43","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.11.003","article-title":"In vitro performance of different methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions","volume":"41","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.10.027","article-title":"Development of a fluorescence-image scoring system for assessing noncavitated occlusal caries","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3732-2","article-title":"From \u2018ICDAS\u2019 to \u2018CariesCare International\u2019: The 20-year journey building international consensus to take caries evidence into clinical practice","volume":"231","author":"Pitts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"71620X","article-title":"Near-IR Multi-modal Imaging of Natural Occlusal Lesions","volume":"7162","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12049","article-title":"Use of new minimum intervention dentistry technologies in caries management","volume":"58","author":"Tassery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0678-8","article-title":"CariesCare practice guide: Consensus on evidence into practice","volume":"227","author":"Martignon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/24\/3649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:37:28Z","timestamp":1760132248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/24\/3649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13243649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13243649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}}}