{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:05:07Z","timestamp":1784541907306,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chung-Ang University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot traditionally relied on two-dimensional ultrasonography. To enhance diagnosis and predict postnatal outcomes, we examined the parameters that differentiate pathological clubfoot using three-dimensional ultrasonography. In our retrospective study, we examined the findings of prenatal ultrasound and the postnatal outcomes of pregnancies with suspected congenital clubfoot between 2018 and 2021. Based on the three-dimensional perspective, we measured the angles of varus, equinus, calcaneopedal block, and forefoot adduction and compared the sonographic variables between the postnatal treated and non-treated groups. We evaluated 31 pregnancies (47 feet) with suspected clubfoot using three-dimensional ultrasonography. After delivery, a total of 37 feet (78.7%) underwent treatment involving serial casting only or additional Achilles tenotomy. The treated group showed significantly greater hindfoot varus deviation (60.5\u00b0 vs. 46.6\u00b0, p = 0.026) and calcaneopedal block deviation (65.6\u00b0 vs. 26.6\u00b0, p &lt; 0.05) compared to the non-treated group. The calcaneopedal block had an area under the curve of 0.98 with a diagnostic threshold of 46.2 degrees (sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 97%, and negative predictive value of 90%). During prenatal evaluation of clubfoot using three-dimensional ultrasonography, the calcaneopedal block deviation has the potential to predict postnatal treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14010117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T05:23:30Z","timestamp":1704345810000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improving Prenatal Diagnosis Precision for Congenital Clubfoot by Using Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo-min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Gwang-Myung Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyung 14353, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Su","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Gwang-Myung Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyung 14353, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hoi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Gwang-Myung Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyung 14353, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Gwang-Myung Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyung 14353, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7288-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yejin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwang Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.4079","article-title":"Prenatal ultrasound detection of talipes equinovarus in a non-selected population of 49,314 deliveries in Norway","volume":"30","author":"Offerdal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. 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