{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:00:35Z","timestamp":1782327635471,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Critically ill patients with rapidly deteriorating clinical status secondary to respiratory and cardio-vascular compromise are at risk for immediate collapse if the underlying pathology is not recognized and treated. Rapid diagnosis is of utmost importance regardless of the setting. Although there are data to support the use of point-of-care ultrasound in critical patients, there is no consensus about the best educational strategy to implement. We designed a curriculum based on the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) protocol that covers essential airway, lung, and cardiac ultrasound skills needed for fast diagnosis in critical patients and applied it in high-fidelity simulation-based medical education sessions for anesthesia and intensive care residents year one and two. After theoretical and practical assessments, our results show statistical differences in the theoretical knowledge and above-average results in practical assessment. Our proposed curriculum based on a simple ABC POCUS protocol, with an Airway, Breathing, and Circulation approach, is useful in teaching ultrasound basics regarding airway, lung, and cardiac examination using high-fidelity simulation training to anesthesia and intensive care residents, but further research is needed to establish the utility of Simulation-Based Medical Education in Point of Care Ultrasound in the critical patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1705045636000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficiency of Simulation-Based Learning Using an ABC POCUS Protocol on a High-Fidelity Simulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal Transplant, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Petrisor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Bodolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Municipal Clinical Hospital, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adela","family":"Golea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Hora","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal Transplant, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7254-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hora\u021biu Nicolae","family":"Vasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400394 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlanda","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmin Ion","family":"Puia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania"},{"name":"Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400394 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Surgery Department, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06486-z","article-title":"Basic ultrasound head-to-toe skills for intensivists in the general and neuro intensive care unit population: Consensus and expert recommendations of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"47","author":"Robba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2513-4","article-title":"International Liaison Committee on Lung Ultrasound (ILC-LUS) for International 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