{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:36:45Z","timestamp":1788781005617,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["FSRR-2023-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSRR-2023-0007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["20-52-56005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-52-56005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSRR-2023-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSRR-2023-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-52-56005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-52-56005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Correct classification of skin lesions is a key step in skin cancer screening, which requires high accuracy and interpretability. This paper proposes a multimodal method for differentiating various clinical forms of basal cell carcinoma and benign neoplasms that includes machine learning. This study was conducted on 37 neoplasms, including benign neoplasms and five different clinical forms of basal cell carcinoma. The proposed multimodal screening method combines diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound. Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, the coefficients of melanin pigmentation, erythema, hemoglobin content, and the slope coefficient of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range 650\u2013800 nm were determined. Statistical texture analysis of optical coherence tomography images was used to calculate first- and second-order statistical parameters. The analysis of ultrasound images assessed the shape of the tumor according to parameters such as area, perimeter, roundness and other characteristics. Based on the calculated parameters, a machine learning algorithm was developed to differentiate the various clinical forms of basal cell carcinoma. The proposed algorithm for classifying various forms of basal cell carcinoma and benign neoplasms provided a sensitivity of 70.6 \u00b1 17.3%, specificity of 95.9 \u00b1 2.5%, precision of 72.6 \u00b1 14.2%, F1 score of 71.5 \u00b1 15.6% and mean intersection over union of 57.6 \u00b1 20.1%. Moreover, for differentiating basal cell carcinoma and benign neoplasms without taking into account the clinical form, the method achieved a sensitivity of 89.1 \u00b1 8.0%, specificity of 95.1 \u00b1 0.7%, F1 score of 89.3 \u00b1 3.4% and mean intersection over union of 82.6 \u00b1 10.8%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1705487987000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multimodal Method for Differentiating Various Clinical Forms of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Benign Neoplasms In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuriy I.","family":"Surkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Physics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustic, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella A.","family":"Serebryakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Physics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yana K.","family":"Kuzinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Surgery and Oncology, Saratov State Medical University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga M.","family":"Konopatskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustic, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Faculty Surgery and Oncology, Saratov State Medical University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy V.","family":"Safronov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Surgery and Oncology, Saratov State Medical University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Kapralov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Faculty Surgery and Oncology, Saratov State Medical University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1223-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elina A.","family":"Genina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Physics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7479-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery V.","family":"Tuchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Physics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustic, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC \u201cSaratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d, 410028 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljac064","article-title":"Trends in keratinocyte skin cancer incidence, mortality and burden of disease in 33 countries between 1990 and 2017","volume":"188","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. 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