{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:36:47Z","timestamp":1773221807077,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be asymptomatic in healthy individuals but can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients. Breakthrough and drug-resistant HCMV infections in such patients are major concerns. Clinicians are first challenged to accurately diagnose HCMV infection and then to identify the most effective antiviral drug and determine when to initiate therapy, alter drug dosage, or switch medication. This review critically examines HCMV diagnostics approaches, particularly for immunocompromised patients, and the development of genotypic techniques to rapidly diagnose drug resistance mutations. The current standard method to identify prevalent and well-known resistance mutations involves polymerase chain reaction amplification of UL97, UL54, and UL56 gene regions, followed by Sanger sequencing. This method can confirm clinical suspicion of drug resistance as well as determine the level of drug resistance and range of cross-resistance with other drugs. Despite the effectiveness of this approach, there remains an urgent need for more rapid and point-of-care HCMV diagnosis, allowing for timely lifesaving intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1705549856000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosis of Human Cytomegalovirus Drug Resistance Mutations in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madain S.","family":"Alsanea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4584-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem S.","family":"Almaghrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha A.","family":"AlAbdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basma M.","family":"Alahideb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0251-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feda A.","family":"Alsuwairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Alhamlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156581","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6156581","article-title":"A practical review of cytomegalovirus in gastroenterology and hepatology","volume":"2019","author":"Fakhreddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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