{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:41:34Z","timestamp":1792651294541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges to the global healthcare system and emerging evidence suggests a potential link between COVID-19 treatment, specifically steroid therapy, and the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies and case reports investigating the relationship between COVID-19, corticosteroid therapy, and the development of AVN. Understanding the nuances of AVN in the context of COVID-19 is crucial for healthcare professionals to navigate treatment decisions and mitigate potential complications. Materials and Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and a Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were used in the systematic review until 1 September 2023. The full texts of the remaining twenty-three (n = 23) articles were independently reviewed by the authors of this review. Conclusions: The association between steroid therapy for COVID-19 and the development of hip AVN is a noteworthy concern even though no relationship is evident between the duration of treatment, cumulative dosage of medication, maximum daily dosage received, and presence of AVN. Further research with larger cohorts and long-term follow up is needed to better understand the causative relationship and optimal management strategies for hip AVN in the context of COVID-19 and steroid therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T04:35:40Z","timestamp":1706070940000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19-Infection- and Steroid-Treatment-Associated Bone Avascular Necrosis: A Multi-Study Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Sakellariou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4849-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Argyropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Karampinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Galanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4371-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iordanis","family":"Varsamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8599-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Giannatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Vasiliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos","family":"Kaspiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Vlamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spiros","family":"Pneumaticos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1293500","article-title":"Musculoskeletal complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Griffith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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