{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:49Z","timestamp":1787027929683,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"D\u00e9l\u00e9gation G\u00e9n\u00e9rale pour l\u2019Armement","award":["PDH-2-NRBC-4-B-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDH-2-NRBC-4-B-101"]}]},{"name":"Djiboutian Caisse Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale (CNSS)","award":["PDH-2-NRBC-4-B-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDH-2-NRBC-4-B-101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until 2020, Djiboutian health authorities relied on histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to establish the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum. The rapid spread of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 and -3 (pfhrp2\/3) gene-deleted parasite strains in Djibouti has led the authorities to switch from HRP2-based RDTs to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-based RDTs targeting the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) specific for P. falciparum and P. vivax (RapiGEN BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf\/Pv pLDH\/pLDH) in 2021. This study was conducted with the primary objective of evaluating the diagnostic performance of this alternative RDT. Operational constraints related, in particular, to the implementation of this RDT during the COVID-19 pandemic were also considered. The performance of BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf\/Pv (pLDH\/pLDH) RDT was also compared to our previously published data on the performance of two HRP2-based RDTs deployed in Djibouti in 2018\u20132020. The diagnosis of 350 febrile patients with suspected malaria in Djibouti city was established using two batches of RapiGEN BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf\/Pv (pLDH\/pLDH) RDT over a two-year period (2022 and 2023) and confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of P. falciparum were 88.2% and 100%, respectively. For P. vivax, the sensitivity was 86.7% and the specificity was 100%. Re-training and closer supervision of the technicians between 2022 and 2023 have led to an increased sensitivity to detect P. falciparum (69.8% in 2022 versus 88.2% in 2023; p &lt; 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis highlighted a better performance in the diagnosis of P. falciparum with pLDH-based RDTs compared with previous HRP2-based RDTs. In Djibouti, where pfhrp2-deleted strains are rapidly gaining ground, LDH-based RDTs seem to be more suitable for diagnosing P. falciparum than HRP2-based RDTs. Awareness-raising and training for technical staff have also been beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:54:12Z","timestamp":1706165652000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Assessment of the Performance of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria in Djibouti in 2022\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rahma","family":"Abdi Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1415-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasserdine","family":"Papa Mze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houssein","family":"Yonis Arreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence, H\u00f4pital Peltier, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aicha","family":"Abdillahi Hamoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caisse Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahiya","family":"Mohamed Alaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caisse Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatouma","family":"Mohamed Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caisse Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul-Razak","family":"Yonis Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Diagnostic, Centre de Sant\u00e9 Communautaire d\u2019Einguela, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warsama","family":"Osman Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caisse Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sociale (CNSS), Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samatar","family":"Kayad Guelleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul-Ilah","family":"Ahmed Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Sant\u00e9 des Arm\u00e9es, Pr\u00e9sidence de la R\u00e9publique, Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8812-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo K.","family":"Basco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouh","family":"Abdi Khaireh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNDP Djibouti, Global Fund to Fight AIDS-TB-Malaria, Djibouti ville 98230, Djibouti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Bogreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Parasitologie et Entomologie, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (2023, June 27). 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