{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:57:37Z","timestamp":1784905057021,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the dimensions and types of the os trigonum and evaluate their relationship with various pathologic conditions on the posterior ankle using ankle MRI images. A total of 124 non-contrast-enhanced ankle and foot MR images of 123 consecutive patients were included in this retrospective study. The images were presented randomly, and they contained no patient information. The MR images were retrospectively and independently reviewed by two reviewers with a fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist. The images were classified as type I and II based on the ossicle\u2019s medial border overlying the talus\u2019s posterior process and the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL). The study revealed that patients with type II os trigonum had a longer transverse diameter of the ossicle than type I, and there were statistically significant differences. Detachment status tended to be less in type I than in type II os trigonum, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant. There were no significant differences between type I and II os trigonum regarding posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) abnormality, bone marrow edema, FHL tenosynovitis, and posterior synovitis. The study concluded that the os trigonum is a common cause of posterior ankle impingement, and type II os trigonum has a longer transverse diameter of the ossicle than type I.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:54:03Z","timestamp":1706518443000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Relationship between Types of Os Trigonum and Findings of Conventional Ankle Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Study Based on Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Hong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ro-Woon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeo-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2006.06.003","article-title":"Anterior and posterior ankle impingement","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-80-10-536","article-title":"Os trigonum. Variation of a common accessory ossicle of the talus","volume":"80","author":"Mann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rosenmuller, J.C. (1804). De Nonnullis Musculorum Corporis Humani Varietatibus, Klaubarthia. On Some of the Muscles of the Human Body."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.37B2.257","article-title":"The os trigonum","volume":"37-B","author":"McDougall","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100717740937","article-title":"Prevalence of Os Trigonum on CT Imaging","volume":"39","author":"Zwiers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"167","article-title":"Posterior compartment of the ankle joint: A focus on arthroscopic treatment (ICL 17)","volume":"Volume 2016","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book: Barcelona"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36719","DOI":"10.17795\/mejrh-36719","article-title":"An Unusual Os Trigonum Syndrome Case Secondary to Car Accident: A Case Report","volume":"3","author":"Safer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East J. Rehabil. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-22-09-545","article-title":"Os trigonum syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Nault","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surgeons."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2020.12.011","article-title":"Os Trigonum Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"McAlister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Implications of classification of os trigonum: A study based on computed tomography three-dimensional imaging","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716665576","article-title":"Os Trigonum Excision in Dancers via an Open Posteromedial Approach","volume":"38","author":"Heyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"252","article-title":"Posterior ankle impingement: Os trigonum syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Rathur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"746","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis und Therapie der Shepherdschen Fraktur [Knowledge about and therapy of Shepherd\u2019s fracture]","volume":"109","author":"Riedel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zentralblatt Fur Chir."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2022.v12.i12.3466","article-title":"Presentation, Diagnostic Dilemma, and a Novel Approach of Fixing a Cedell\u2019s Fracture\u2014A Case Report","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. 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