{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:28:24Z","timestamp":1790447304605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wolf\u2013Parkinson\u2013White (WPW) syndrome is a disorder characterized by the presence of at least one accessory pathway (AP) that can predispose people to atrial\/ventricular tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. It is the second most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in most parts of the world, affecting about 0.1\u20130.3% of the general population. Most patients with WPW syndrome have normal anatomy, but it may be associated with concomitant congenital heart disease or systemic diseases. Although many individuals are asymptomatic, during supraventricular arrhythmia episodes, they may experience severe symptoms, including syncope or even sudden cardiac death (mainly due to pre-excited atrial fibrillation over rapidly conducting AP). In addition to arrhythmia-related symptoms, for some specific locations of the APs with overt anterograde conduction, there might be a reduction in exercise capacity mediated by a reduction in LV systolic performance due to anomalous LV depolarization. Although it is typically diagnosed through electrocardiography (ECG), additional tests are necessary for risk assessment. Management of WPW syndrome may be quite challenging and can vary from only acknowledging the presence of the accessory pathway to pharmacological treatment or radiofrequency ablation. Early diagnosis, risk assessment, and appropriate treatment are critical steps in the management of WPW syndrome, aiming to improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Wolf\u2013Parkinson\u2013White Syndrome: Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Therapy\u2014An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu Gabriel","family":"V\u0103t\u0103\u0219escu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Clinic Emergency Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"4th Department\u2014Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmina Steliana","family":"Paja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Clinic Emergency Hospital, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"\u0218u\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Disease and Transplantation, 540136 Tirgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Cainap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8th Department\u2014\u201cMother and Child\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"2nd Pediatric Department, Clinical Children Hospital, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0218tefana Mar\u00eda","family":"Moisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGr. T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSfanta Maria\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza Elena","family":"Cintez\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department\u2014Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Compartment, Marie Sklodowska Curie Children Emergency Hospital, 077120 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.3.866","article-title":"A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953\u20131989","volume":"87","author":"Munger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.29.5.672","article-title":"The Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome as an Aviation Risk","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"1964","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(65)90224-3","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Chung","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-6-456","article-title":"The Natural History of Electrocardiographic Preexcitation in Men: The Manitoba Follow-up Study","volume":"116","author":"Krahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.12.009","article-title":"Incidence of life-threatening events in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Analysis of a large claims database","volume":"19","author":"Janson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e471","article-title":"2015 ACC\/AHA\/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachy-cardia: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"133","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707093170201","article-title":"Familial Occurrence of Accessory Atri-oventricular Pathways (Preexcitation Syndrome)","volume":"317","author":"Vidaillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(67)90254-9","article-title":"Familial Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with cardiomyopathy","volume":"43","author":"Massumi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106143442403","article-title":"Identification of a Gene Responsible for Familial Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White Syndrome","volume":"344","author":"Gollob","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118154","article-title":"Familial Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome maps to a locus on chromosome 7q3","volume":"96","author":"MacRae","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80095-4","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and supraventricular tachycardia during infancy: Management and follow-up","volume":"5","author":"Deal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.09.002","article-title":"PACES\/HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Recognition and Management of Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"30","author":"Khairy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz467","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"41","author":"Brugada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01203.x","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Preexcitation: Insights from Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Imaging (ECGI) and Catheter Mapping","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.11.053","article-title":"Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase disease mimicks hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Natural history","volume":"45","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.371","article-title":"Clinical Outcome and Phenotypic Expression in LAMP2 Cardiomyopathy","volume":"301","author":"Maron","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.968917","article-title":"Rare forms of preexcitation a case study and brief overview of fa-milial forms of preexcitation","volume":"5","author":"Koneru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00263-7","article-title":"Multiple accessory pathways in pediatric patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Weng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.376","article-title":"Radiofrequency Current Catheter Ablation of Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways in Ebstein\u2019s Anomaly","volume":"94","author":"Cappato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040625","article-title":"Radiofrequency Ablation in Children with Asymptomatic Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White Syndrome","volume":"351","author":"Pappone","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90168-9","article-title":"Reappraisal of radiofrequency ablation of multiple accessory pathways","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/eupc.2002.0236","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of multiple accessory pathways","volume":"4","author":"Iturralde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.54.4.571","article-title":"Multiple accessory pathways in patients with the pre-excitation syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Gallagher","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)91177-5","article-title":"Frequency, diagnosis and clinical characteristics of patients with multiple accessory atrioven-tricular pathways","volume":"59","author":"Colavita","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.578","article-title":"Importance of preexcited QRS morphology during induced atrial fibrillation to the diagnosis and localization of multiple accessory pathways","volume":"81","author":"Fananapazir","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61571","article-title":"Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White syndrome: De novo variants and evidence for mutational burden in genes associated with atrial fibrillation","volume":"182","author":"Charng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402546101","article-title":"A cardiac arrhythmia syndrome caused by loss of ankyrin-B function","volume":"101","author":"Mohler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000075270.13497.2B","article-title":"Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Mutant PRKAG2 Define the Cause of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy","volume":"107","author":"Arad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001484","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal and pediatric age patients (0\u201312 years) with Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White syndrome and atrioventricular accessory pathways","volume":"24","author":"Leoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658807","article-title":"Persistence of Functional Atrioventricular Accessory Pathways in Postseptated Embryonic Avian Hearts: Implications for morphogenesis and functional maturation of the cardiac conduction system","volume":"115","author":"Kolditz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90555-4","article-title":"Supraventricular tachycardia due to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: Early disappearance and late recurrence","volume":"16","author":"Perry","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951105000661","article-title":"Slow and wide QRS complex tachycardia as a unique complication following radiofrequency catheter ablation of a left-sided accessory pathway in a child","volume":"15","author":"Vatasescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2004.00574.x","article-title":"Catecholamine Dependent Accessory Pathway Automaticity","volume":"27","author":"Tseng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.57.5.870","article-title":"The Anatomical Substrates of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Becker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060619","article-title":"The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: The cellular substrate for conduction in the accessory atrioventricular pathway","volume":"15","author":"Peters","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.2.407","article-title":"Sites of conduction block in accessory atrioventricular pathways. Basis for concealed accessory pathways","volume":"82","author":"Kuck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.03.050","article-title":"PACES\/HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Management of the Asymptomatic Young Patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, Ventricular Preexcitation) Electrocardiographic Pattern: Developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.040","article-title":"Abnormal Conduction-Induced Cardiomyopathy","volume":"81","author":"Huizar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70140-7","article-title":"Clinical features of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Pritchett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90090-6","article-title":"Localization of accessory pathways from the 12-lead electrocardiogram using a new algorithm","volume":"74","author":"Xie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00189.x","article-title":"Accuracy and Limitations of Published Algorithms Using the Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram to Localize Overt Atrioventricular Accessory Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Basiouny","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Maximal Pre-Excitation Based Algorithm for Localization of Manifest Accessory Pathways in Adults","volume":"4","author":"Pambrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00861.x","article-title":"Development and Validation of an ECG Algorithm for Identifying Accessory Pathway Ablation Site in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Arruda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"600","article-title":"EASY-WPW: A novel ECG-algorithm for easy and reliable localization of manifest accessory pathways in children and adults","volume":"25","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.83.1.29","article-title":"Ventricular pre-excitation in the general population: A study on the mode of presentation and clinical course","volume":"83","author":"Goudevenos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.3.542","article-title":"Follow-up evaluation of infant paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: Transesophageal study","volume":"75","author":"BensonJr","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.09.011","article-title":"Difficulties with invasive risk stratification performed under anesthesia in pediatric Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Shwayder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.10.009","article-title":"Life-Threatening Event Risk in Children with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: A Multicenter International Study","volume":"4","author":"Etheridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"855","article-title":"Assessment of the physical performance in children with asymptomatic pre-excitation","volume":"24","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004778","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Preexcitation and Risk of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: Results From the Copenhagen ECG Study","volume":"10","author":"Skov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5462","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiological evaluation of pediatric Wolff-Parkinson-White patients","volume":"15","author":"Yildirim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00823.x","article-title":"Neonatal supraventricular tachycardia: Outcomes over a 27-year period at a single institution","volume":"97","author":"Gilljam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2002.01222.x","article-title":"Accessory pathway localization by QRS polarity in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Boersma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"493","article-title":"A novel and simple algorithm using surface electrocardiogram that localizes accessory conduction pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in pediatric patients","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.07.016","article-title":"New algorithm for accessory pathway localization focused on screening septal pathways in pediatric patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90681-8","article-title":"Electrophysiologic profile of asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern","volume":"57","author":"Milstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90508-8","article-title":"New algorithm for the localization of accessory atrioventricular connections using a baseline electrocardiogram","volume":"23","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80798-X","article-title":"An accurate stepwise electrocardiographic algorithm for localization of accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome form a comprehensive analysis of delta waves and R\/S ratio during sinus rhythm","volume":"76","author":"Chiang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1995.tb06983.x","article-title":"A Fast and Reliable Algorithm to Localize Accessory Pathways Based on the Polarity of the QRS Complex on the Surface ECG During Sinus Rhythm","volume":"18","author":"Brugada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(96)80093-8","article-title":"A New ECG Algorithm for the Localization of Accessory Pathways Using Only the Polarity of the QRS Complex","volume":"29","author":"Iturralde","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2013.10.006","article-title":"A simple algorithm for localizing accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome using only the R\/S ratio","volume":"30","author":"Taguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3280103994","article-title":"Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White: What to do. Extensive ablation or not","volume":"8","author":"Delise","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(74)90695-X","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation: Relation between refractory period of accessory pathway and ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation","volume":"34","author":"Wellens","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90186-5","article-title":"Young adult survivors of sudden cardiac arrest: Analysis of invasive evaluation of 22 subjects","volume":"118","author":"Topaz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90070-X","article-title":"Cardiac arrest in young, ostensibly healthy patients: Clinical, hemodynamic, and electrophysiologic findings","volume":"52","author":"Benson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076810","article-title":"Incidence, Causes, and Survival Trends from Cardiovascular-Related Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Children and Young Adults 0 to 35 Years of Age: A 30-year review","volume":"126","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2001.117779","article-title":"The natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in 228 military aviators: A long-term follow-up of 22 years","volume":"142","author":"Fitzsimmons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4569.2017","article-title":"Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White Pattern ECG in USAF Aviators","volume":"88","author":"Davenport","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.764035","article-title":"Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways: Getting to the origins","volume":"117","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80136-2","article-title":"Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Timmermans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"10","article-title":"WPW and preexcitation syndromes","volume":"55","author":"Sethi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"634","article-title":"Syndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White: Correlations entre l\u2019exploration electro-physiologique et l\u2019effet de l\u2019epreuve d\u2019effort sur l\u2019aspect eJectrocardiographique de preexcitation","volume":"72","author":"Levy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.035","article-title":"Loss of ventricular preexcitation during noninvasive testing does not exclude high-risk accessory pathways: A multicenter study of WPW in children","volume":"17","author":"Escudero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(82)90422-2","article-title":"Use of procainamide in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to disclose a short refractory period of the accessory pathway","volume":"50","author":"Wellens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12732","article-title":"Intermittent versus Persistent Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in Children: Electrophysiologic Properties and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Kiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14798","article-title":"Intermittent ventricular pre-excitation in symptomatic adults: Always a marker of low risk","volume":"46","author":"Robles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(80)90230-1","article-title":"Use of Ajmaline in identifying patients with the Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syn-drome and a short refractory period of their accessory pathway","volume":"45","author":"Wellens","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"143","article-title":"Electrophysiological evaluation of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Cardiology","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"617","article-title":"Ventricular pre-excitation: Symptomatic and asymptomatic children have the same potential risk of sudden cardiac death","volume":"17","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2824","article-title":"Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"22","author":"Priori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011154","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Era of Catheter Ablation insights from a registry study of 2169 patients","volume":"130","author":"Pappone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-019-02110-6","article-title":"Management of Asymptomatic Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White Pattern in Young Patients: Has Anything Changed","volume":"40","author":"Raposo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee Members, Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C., Scheinman, M.M., Aliot, E.M., Alpert, J.S., Calkins, H., Camm, A.J., Campbell, W.B., Haines, D.E., and Kuck, K.H. (2003). ACC\/AHA\/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Supraventricular Arrhythmias\u2014Executive Summary. Circulation, 108, 1871\u20131909.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000091380.04100.84"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197911153012003","article-title":"Ventricular Fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"301","author":"Klein","year":"1979","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2020.08.002","article-title":"Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Ventricular Preexcitation","volume":"12","author":"Delise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Card. Electrophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the utility of atrial fibrillation induction to risk stratify children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Apfel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90626-V","article-title":"Multiple Accessory Pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Ven-tricular Fibrillation","volume":"67","author":"Teo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00519-6","article-title":"Impact of clinical history and electrophysiologic characteri-zation of accessory pathways on management strategies to reduce sudden death among children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bromberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01879-6","article-title":"Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth the Risk of Cure","volume":"25","author":"Etheridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059860","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Torner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.859827","article-title":"WPW Pattern in the Asymptomatic Individual","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035345","article-title":"A Randomized Study of Prophylactic Catheter Ablation in Asymptomatic Patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Pappone","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jccm.1001132","article-title":"A Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Electrocardiographic Pattern in Asymptomatic Patient\u2014State-of-the-Art-Review","volume":"7","author":"Vijay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90486-W","article-title":"Intravenous adenosine triphosphate during wide QRS complex tachycardia: Safety, therapeutic efficacy, and diagnostic utility","volume":"88","author":"Sharma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(87)80691-1","article-title":"Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presenting in atrial fibrillation","volume":"16","author":"Schatz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2002.00336.x","article-title":"Pediatric Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Registry Success, Fluoroscopy Time, and Complication Rate for Supraventricular Tachycardia: Comparison of Early and Recent Eras","volume":"13","author":"Kugler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03645.x","article-title":"Prospective Assessment after Pediatric Cardiac Ablation","volume":"15","author":"Javitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.08.102","article-title":"Outcomes of ablation in Wolff-Parkinson-White-syndrome: Data from the German Ablation Registry","volume":"323","author":"Brado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2023.02.001","article-title":"The success rate of radiofrequency catheter ablation in Wolff-Parkinson-White-Syndrome patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Sherdia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa325","article-title":"Pediatric catheter ablation at the beginning of the 21st century: Results from the European Multicenter Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry \u2018EUROPA\u2019","volume":"23","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurospace"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu176","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: The long-term mortality and risk of atrial fibrillation","volume":"17","author":"Borregaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003013","article-title":"Long-Term Natural History of Adult Wolff\u2013Parkinson\u2013White Syndrome Patients Treated with and Without Catheter Ablation","volume":"8","author":"Bunch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:36Z","timestamp":1760104296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14030296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14030296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]}}}