{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:51:55Z","timestamp":1791478315525,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the diagnosis of sepsis requires the identification of the three components of infection, a systemic inflammation response, and organ dysfunction, there is currently no consensus on gold-standard criteria. There are however suggested tools and tests, which have been proposed in international guidelines, including those produced by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Biomarkers play an important role in these tools and tests, and numerous heterogeneous studies have been performed to evaluate their respective clinical utility. Our review of the current practice shows that no biomarkers of infection, systemic inflammation response, organ dysfunction and sepsis are currently specifically recommended, which is probably due to the lack of standardization of studies. We therefore propose to define a framework for conducting clinically relevant translational biomarker research and seek to establish ideal criteria that can be applied to an infection, systemic inflammation response, organ dysfunction and sepsis biomarkers, which can enable early screening of sepsis, diagnosis of sepsis at the time of clinical suspicion and monitoring of sepsis treatment efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proposed Framework for Conducting Clinically Relevant Translational Biomarker Research for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Management of Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Hirslanden Clinique des Grangettes, Chemin des Grangettes 7, CH-1224 Ch\u00eane-Bougeries, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9529-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Greub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Conrad","family":"Liles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sepsis Center of Research Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6420, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6420, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shevin T.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"},{"name":"Walimu, Kampala P.O. Box 9924, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IHME (2023, December 08). 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1760104301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14030300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14030300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]}}}