{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1788369491610,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endoscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cancers and cancer precursors in the oesophagus and stomach. Early detection of upper GI cancers requires high-quality endoscopy and awareness of the subtle features these lesions carry. Endoscopists performing surveillance of high-risk patients including those with Barrett\u2019s oesophagus, previous squamous neoplasia or chronic atrophic gastritis should be familiar with endoscopic features, classification systems and sampling techniques to maximise the detection of early cancer. In this article, we review the current approach to diagnosis of these conditions and the latest advanced imaging and diagnostic techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Latest Advances in Endoscopic Detection of Oesophageal and Gastric Neoplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Waddingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.05.054","article-title":"The Global Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Mortality in 2020 and Projections to 2040: New Estimates From GLOBOCAN 2020","volume":"163","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ONS (2017). Cancer Survival in England: Adult, Stage at Diagnosis and Childhood\u2014Patients Followed up to 2016: Cancer Survival in England for Specific Cancer Sites by Age, Sex and Stage at Diagnosis, Dandy Booksellers Limited."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30388-0","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: A national, population-based, modelling study","volume":"21","author":"Maringe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.4315","article-title":"Prognostic implications of the seventh edition of the international union against cancer classification for patients with gastric cancer: The western experience of patients treated in a single-center European institution","volume":"31","author":"Reim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-015-0469-0","article-title":"High rate of 5-year survival among patients with early gastric cancer undergoing curative endoscopic submucosal dissection","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365524","article-title":"How commonly is upper gastrointestinal cancer missed at endoscopy? A meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2023-001143","article-title":"Variation in the rate of detection of minute and small early gastric cancers at diagnostic endoscopy may reflect the performance of individual endoscopists","volume":"10","author":"Murakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314109","article-title":"Quality standards in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A position statement of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS)","volume":"66","author":"Beg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616664843","article-title":"Performance measures for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy quality improvement initiative","volume":"4","author":"Bisschops","year":"2016","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122140","article-title":"Endoscopic management of Barrett\u2019s esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement","volume":"49","author":"Weusten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2176-2440","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Barrett esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"55","author":"Weusten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305372","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett\u2019s oesophagus","volume":"63","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.05.012","article-title":"ASGE guideline on screening and surveillance of Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"90","author":"Qumseya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001680","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Barrett\u2019s esophagus: An updated ACG guideline","volume":"117","author":"Shaheen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.01.029","article-title":"Randomized crossover study comparing efficacy of transnasal endoscopy with that of standard endoscopy to detect Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"75","author":"Shariff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1488","article-title":"Kyoto international consensus report on anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical significance of the gastro-oesophageal junction","volume":"71","author":"Sugano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.032","article-title":"The development and validation of an endoscopic grading system for Barrett\u2019s esophagus: The Prague C & M criteria","volume":"131","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.09.024","article-title":"Barrett\u2019s esophagus is frequently overdiagnosed in clinical practice: Results of the Barrett\u2019s Esophagus Endoscopic Revision (BEER) study","volume":"79","author":"Ganz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.322","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Barrett\u2019s Esophagus","volume":"111","author":"Shaheen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3881-3","article-title":"The frequency of lymph node metastasis in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with incipient submucosal invasion (pT1b sm1) depending on histological risk patterns","volume":"29","author":"Manner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc. Other Interv. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255858","article-title":"Risk of lymph node metastasis associated with deeper invasion by early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: Study based on endoscopic resection specimens","volume":"42","author":"Pouw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5071-y","article-title":"Management of patients with T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective cohort study on patient management and risk of metastatic disease","volume":"30","author":"Meijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i41.4698","article-title":"Risk of lymph node metastases in patients with T1b oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective single centre experience","volume":"24","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr203","article-title":"Risk of malignant progression in Barrett\u2019s esophagus patients: Results from a large population-based study","volume":"103","author":"Bhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2022-001091","article-title":"Quality of life measures in dysplastic Barrett\u2019s oesophagus are comparable to patients with non-dysplastic Barrett\u2019s oesophagus and do not improve after endoscopic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.06.056","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of methylene blue chromoendoscopy for detecting specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus: A meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ngamruengphong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5753","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i25.5753","article-title":"Acetic acid chromoendoscopy: Improving neoplasia detection in Barrett\u2019s esophagus","volume":"22","author":"Chedgy","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.01.007","article-title":"ASGE Technology Committee systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations thresholds for adopting real-time imaging-assisted endoscopic targeted biopsy during endoscopic surveillance","volume":"83","author":"Thosani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.07.023","article-title":"Acetic acid chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of early neoplasia and specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus: A meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Coletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.067","article-title":"Post-endoscopy Esophageal Neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus: Consensus Statements From an International Expert Panel","volume":"162","author":"Wani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.06.003","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on New Technology and Innovation for Surveillance and Screening in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus: Expert Review","volume":"20","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.037","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Classification System to Identify High-Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus Using Narrow-Band Imaging","volume":"150","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.09.020","article-title":"In vivo endomicroscopy improves detection of Barrett\u2019s esophagus-related neoplasia: A multicenter international randomized controlled trial (with video)","volume":"79","author":"Canto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/2634516121991605","article-title":"Beyond Seattle: WATS and Advanced Imaging in Barrett\u2019s Esophagus","volume":"1","author":"Anandasabapathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foregut J. Am. Foregut Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"doz065","article-title":"Improved Barrett\u2019s neoplasia detection using computer-assisted multiframe analysis of volumetric laser endomicroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Struyvenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus Off. J. Int. Soc. Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5858\/2005-129-177-DOPRFB","article-title":"Do 40% of Patients Resected for Barrett Esophagus With High-Grade Dysplasia Have Unsuspected Adenocarcinoma?","volume":"129","author":"Tschanz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.09.015","article-title":"Wide-area transepithelial sampling for dysplasia detection in Barrett\u2019s esophagus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Codipilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.116","article-title":"Inter-Observer Agreement among Pathologists Using Wide-Area Transepithelial Sampling With Computer-Assisted Analysis in Patients With Barrett\u2019s Esophagus","volume":"110","author":"Vennalaganti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4372","article-title":"Acceptability and accuracy of a non-endoscopic screening test for Barrett\u2019s oesophagus in primary care: Cohort study","volume":"341","author":"Kadri","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross-Innes, C.S., Debiram-Beecham, I., O\u2019Donovan, M., Walker, E., Varghese, S., Lao-Sirieix, P., Lovat, L., Griffin, M., Ragunath, K., and Haidry, R. (2015). Evaluation of a Minimally Invasive Cell Sampling Device Coupled with Assessment of Trefoil Factor 3 Expression for Diagnosing Barrett\u2019s Esophagus: A Multi-Center Case\u2013Control Study. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001780"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31099-0","article-title":"Cytosponge-trefoil factor 3 versus usual care to identify Barrett\u2019s oesophagus in a primary care setting: A multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00667-7","article-title":"Use of a Cytosponge biomarker panel to prioritise endoscopic Barrett\u2019s oesophagus surveillance: A cross-sectional study followed by a real-world prospective pilot","volume":"23","author":"Pilonis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcad093","article-title":"Real-world implementation of non-endoscopic triage testing for Barrett\u2019s oesophagus during COVID-19","volume":"116","author":"Landy","year":"2023","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011191720336","article-title":"Systematic esophageal endoscopy screening in patients previously treated for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Petit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925255","article-title":"Endoscopic screening for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in high-risk patients: A prospective study conducted in 62 French endoscopy centers","volume":"38","author":"Dubuc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.203366","article-title":"Early squamous neoplasia of the esophagus: The endoscopic approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"23","author":"Kandiah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1999-122","article-title":"Occult dysplasia is disclosed by Lugol chromoendoscopy in alcoholics at high risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus","volume":"31","author":"Fagundes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.489","article-title":"Lugol-voiding lesions are an important risk factor for a second primary squamous cell carcinoma in patients with esosphageal cancer or head and neck cancer","volume":"106","author":"Hori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, F.H.A., Bernardo, W.M., Ide, E., Rocha, R.S.P., Aquino, J.C.M., Minata, M.K., Yamazaki, K., Marques, S.B., Sakai, P., and de Moura, E.G.H. (2017). Narrow band imaging versus lugol chromoendoscopy to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-3011-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(03)02532-X","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging system with magnifying endoscopy for superficial esophageal lesions","volume":"59","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1390858","article-title":"Utility of intrapapillary capillary loops seen on magnifying narrow-band imaging in estimating invasive depth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2014.6190","article-title":"Fujinon intelligent color enhancement for the diagnosis of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesion","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkish J. Gastroenterol. Off. J. Turkish Soc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1311-8570","article-title":"Endoscopic prediction of submucosal invasion in Barrett\u2019s cancer with the use of artificial intelligence: A pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Ebigbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3554","article-title":"Perspectives in Cancer Research A Human Model of Gastric Carcinogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Correa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-318126","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2018-101089","article-title":"Recent advances in the detection and management of early gastric cancer and its precursors","volume":"12","author":"Waddingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108435","article-title":"A multicenter prospective study of the real-time use of narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of premalignant gastric conditions and lesions","volume":"48","author":"Lage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, J.K., Song, G.A., Kim, G.H., Park, D.Y., Shin, N.R., Lee, B.E., Woo, H.Y., Ryu, D.Y., Kim, D.U., and Heo, J. (2012). Marginal turbid band and light blue crest, signs observed in magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy, are indicative of gastric intestinal metaplasia. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-169"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Huang, W., Du, J., Chen, Y., and Yang, J. (2014). Diagnostic yield of the light blue crest sign in gastric intestinal metaplasia: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092874"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0808-3186","article-title":"Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia (EGGIM): A multicenter validation study","volume":"51","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.08.007","article-title":"Magnifying narrowband imaging is more accurate than conventional white-light imaging in diagnosis of gastric mucosal cancer","volume":"141","author":"Ezoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214594","article-title":"Magnifying endoscopy for diagnosing and delineating early gastric cancer","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-825961","article-title":"Magnifying endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging system for early gastric cancer: Correlation of vascular pattern with histopathology (including video)","volume":"36","author":"Nakayoshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiyoshi, M.R.A., Inoue, H., Fujiyoshi, Y., Nishikawa, Y., Toshimori, A., Shimamura, Y., Tanabe, M., Ikeda, H., and Onimaru, M. (2021). Endoscopic Classifications of Early Gastric Cancer: A Literature Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010100"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.071","article-title":"Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients With Premalignant Gastric Lesions: A Nationwide Cohort Study in the Netherlands","volume":"134","author":"Looman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13113","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i46.13113","article-title":"Can endoscopic atrophy predict histological atrophy? Historical study in United Kingdom and Japan","volume":"21","author":"Kono","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.03.791","article-title":"Histologic intestinal metaplasia and endoscopic atrophy are predictors of gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"84","author":"Shichijo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0859-1883","article-title":"Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Port","volume":"51","author":"Areia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1950-5694","article-title":"Expected value of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement","volume":"54","author":"Messmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.03.064","article-title":"Deep learning algorithm detection of Barrett\u2019s neoplasia with high accuracy during live endoscopic procedures: A pilot study (with video)","volume":"91","author":"Struyvenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319460","article-title":"Real-time use of artificial intelligence in the evaluation of cancer in Barrett\u2019s oesophagus","volume":"69","author":"Ebigbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.12.049","article-title":"Artificial intelligence using convolutional neural networks for real-time detection of early esophageal neoplasia in Barrett\u2019s esophagus (with video)","volume":"91","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.01.043","article-title":"A clinically interpretable convolutional neural network for the real-time prediction of early squamous cell cancer of the esophagus: Comparing diagnostic performance with a panel of expert European and Asian endoscopists","volume":"94","author":"Everson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09353-0","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for diagnosing microvessels of precancerous lesions and superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: A multicenter study","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1350-5583","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of an artificial intelligence system on endoscopy quality and preliminary testing of its performance in detecting early gastric cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00216-8","article-title":"Effect of a deep learning-based system on the miss rate of gastric neoplasms during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A single-centre, tandem, randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629080","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.629080","article-title":"Current Evidence and Future Perspective of Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Application for Early Gastric Cancer Diagnosis with Endoscopy: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:42Z","timestamp":1760104302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14030301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14030301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]}}}