{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:06Z","timestamp":1760143266741,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Committee of Prion Disease and Slow Virus Infection, Research on Policy Planning and Evaluation for Rare and Intractable Diseases, Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants, The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","award":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Fund of Tokyo Metropolitan Hospital Organization","award":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201","23FC1007","JP19fk0108102","R010303012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by reactivation of dormant JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). PML was mainly observed in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV-positive patients, autoimmune disease patients, and cancer patients. Given that the presence of anti-JCPyV antibodies in serum is a risk indicator for PML development, it is essential to monitor anti-JCPyV antibody levels. In the present study, we established reporter-based single-infection neutralization assays for JCPyV and the genetically similar BK polyoma virus (BKPyV). We then confirmed the lack of cross-reactivity between the two viruses using test sera obtained from mice immunized with plasmids encoding the JCPyV or BKPyV capsid. Next, we compared neutralization antibody titers in sera from healthy donors, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and HIV-positive patients using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with JCPyV-like particles (virus-like particles; VLPs). A positive correlation was demonstrated between the neutralization titer (75% infectious concentration; IC75) against JCPyV and the antibody titer obtained by VLP-based JCPyV ELISA. This assay system may be applied to detect antibodies against other PyVs by generation of pseudoviruses using the respective capsid expression plasmids, and is expected to contribute to the surveillance of PyV as well as basic research on these viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1706694119000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generation of JC Polyoma Pseudovirus for High-Throughput Measurement of Neutralizing Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mami","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7702-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Nakamichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masamichi","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, PML\/MS\/NMO Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90730-3","article-title":"Binding and unwinding-how T antigen engages the SV40 origin of DNA replication","volume":"60","author":"Borowiec","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/354278a0","article-title":"Structure of simian virus 40 at 3.8-\u00c5 resolution","volume":"354","author":"Liddington","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(96)00020-2","article-title":"The structure of simian virus 40 refined at 3.1 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"4","author":"Stehle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moens, U., Prezioso, C., and Pietropaolo, V. (2020). Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121406"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91776-4","article-title":"New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation","volume":"1","author":"Gardner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","article-title":"Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Padgett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.027","article-title":"The role of polyomaviruses in human disease","volume":"384","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helle, F., Brochot, E., Handala, L., Martin, E., Castelain, S., Francois, C., and Duverlie, G. (2017). Biology of the BKPyV: An Update. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110327"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease","volume":"17","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.080708.082655","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies","volume":"61","author":"Major","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107829","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Bloomgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24286","article-title":"Anti-JC virus antibody levels in serum or plasma further define risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Plavina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.06.032","article-title":"SV40 vectors carrying minimal sequence of viral origin with exchangeable capsids","volume":"379","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34865-y","article-title":"High-throughput neutralization assay for multiple flaviviruses based on single-round infectious particles using dengue virus type 1 reporter replicon","volume":"8","author":"Matsuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T.C., Iwasaki, K., Katano, H., Kataoka, M., Nagata, N., Kobayashi, K., Mizutani, T., Takeda, N., Wakita, T., and Suzuki, T. (2015). Characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of Merkel cell polyomavirus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115646"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22606","article-title":"Anti-John Cunnigham virus antibody prevalence in multiple sclerosis patients: Baseline results of STRATIFY-1","volume":"70","author":"Bozic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.02.002","article-title":"A second-generation ELISA (STRATIFY JCV\u2122 DxSelect\u2122) for detection of JC virus antibodies in human serum and plasma to support progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk stratification","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastrana, D.V., Brennan, D.C., Cuburu, N., Storch, G.A., Viscidi, R.P., Randhawa, P.S., and Buck, C.B. (2012). Neutralization serotyping of BK polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002650"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306ra151","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab1720","article-title":"JC polyomavirus mutants escape antibody-mediated neutralization","volume":"7","author":"Ray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:22Z","timestamp":1760104342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/3\/311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14030311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14030311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}