{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T04:03:55Z","timestamp":1793073835803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["HR22C1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1832"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["K1924941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1924941"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HR22C1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1832"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["K1924941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1924941"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare","award":["HR22C1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1832"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare","award":["K1924941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1924941"]}]},{"name":"Pusan National University Hospital","award":["HR22C1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1832"]}]},{"name":"Pusan National University Hospital","award":["K1924941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1924941"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR22C1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR22C1832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K1924941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1924941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite numerous attempts to correct forward head posture (FHP), definitive evidence-based screening and diagnostic methods remain elusive. This study proposes a preliminary diagnostic methodology for FHP, utilizing a noninvasive body angle measurement system as a screening test for FHP and incorporating radiological parameters for sagittal alignment. We enrolled 145 adolescents for FHP screening. The forward neck tilt angle (FNTA), defined as the angle between the vertical line and the line connecting the participant\u2019s acromion and tragus, was measured using the POM-Checker (a noninvasive depth sensor-based body angle measurement system). A whole-spine standing lateral radiograph was obtained, and eight sagittal alignment parameters were measured. Statistical analyses of the association between the FNTA and eight sagittal alignment parameters were conducted. We used 70% of the participant data to establish a preliminary diagnostic model for FHP based on FNTA and each sagittal alignment parameter. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using the remaining 30% of the participant data. All radiological parameters of sagittal alignment showed weak statistical significance with respect to FNTA (best case: r = 0.16, p = 0.0500; cranial tilt). The proposed preliminary diagnostic model for FHP demonstrated 95.35% agreement. Notably, the model using FNTA without radiological parameters accurately identified (100%) participants who required radiographic scanning for FHP diagnosis. Owing to the weak statistical significance of the association between radiological parameters and external body angle, both factors must be considered for accurate FHP diagnosis. When a clear and severe angle variation is observed in an external body angle check, medical professionals should perform radiographic scanning for an accurate FHP diagnosis. In conclusion, FNTA assessment of FNTA through the proposed preliminary diagnostic model is a significant screening factor for selecting participants who must undergo radiographic scanning so that a diagnosis of FHP can be obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Preliminary Diagnostic Model for Forward Head Posture among Adolescents Using Forward Neck Tilt Angle and Radiographic Sagittal Alignment Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Jae","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biochemistry, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Young","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bio-Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Woo","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Scoliosis Research Institute, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8839-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Bo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Severance Children\u2019s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4152-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam Yeol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do-Kun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial R&D Center, KAVILAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University of Korea, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moo-Sub","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial R&D Center, KAVILAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeonjoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial R&D Center, KAVILAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Dae","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial R&D Center, KAVILAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 06675, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyuk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Scoliosis Research Institute, College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15714","article-title":"The impact of problematic smartphone use on children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 quality of life: A systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Kothgassner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.103028","article-title":"A prospective longitudinal study of mobile touch screen device use and musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health in adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Toh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. 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Care"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/4\/394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:37Z","timestamp":1760104717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/4\/394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14040394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14040394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]}}}