{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1783529397600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although sarcoidosis is generally regarded as a benign condition, approximately 20\u201330% of patients will develop a chronic and progressive disease. Advanced pulmonary fibrotic sarcoidosis and cardiac involvement are the main contributors to sarcoidosis morbidity and mortality, with failure of the liver and\/or kidneys representing additional life-threatening situations. In this review, we discuss diagnosis and treatment of each of these complications and highlight how the integration of clinical, pathological and radiological features may help predict the development of such high-risk situations in sarcoid patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["High-Risk Sarcoidosis: A Focus on Pulmonary, Cardiac, Hepatic and Renal Advanced Diseases, as Well as on Calcium Metabolism Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Isra\u00ebl-Biet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol","family":"Bernardinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Pastr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Clinic, SS Annunziata University-Hospital of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S421","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201707-564OT","article-title":"Disease Burden and Variability in Sarcoidosis","volume":"14","author":"Gerke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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