{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:24:05Z","timestamp":1782289445559,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006359","name":"Colonel Robert R McCormick Professorship of Diagnostic Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8410152-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8410152-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Corpus callosal abnormalities (CCA) are midline developmental brain malformations and are usually associated with a wide spectrum of other neurological and non-neurological abnormalities. The study aims to highlight the diagnostic role of fetal MRI to characterize heterogeneous corpus callosal abnormalities using the latest classification system. It also helps to identify associated anomalies, which have prognostic implications for the postnatal outcome. Methods. In this study, retrospective data from antenatal women who underwent fetal MRI between January 2014 and July 2023 at Rush University Medical Center were evaluated for CCA and classified based on structural morphology. Patients were further assessed for associated neurological and non-neurological anomalies. Results. The most frequent class of CCA was complete agenesis (79.1%), followed by hypoplasia (12.5%), dysplasia (4.2%), and hypoplasia with dysplasia (4.2%). Among them, 17% had isolated CCA, while the majority (83%) had complex forms of CCA associated with other CNS and non-CNS anomalies. Out of the complex CCA cases, 58% were associated with other CNS anomalies, while 8% were associated with non-CNS anomalies. 17% of cases had both. Conclusion. The use of fetal MRI is valuable in the classification of abnormalities of the corpus callosum after the confirmation of a suspected diagnosis on prenatal ultrasound. This technique is an invaluable method for distinguishing between isolated and complex forms of CCA, especially in cases of apparent isolated CCA. The use of diffusion-weighted imaging or diffusion tensor imaging in fetal neuroimaging is expected to provide further insights into white matter abnormalities in fetuses diagnosed with CCA in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T08:29:37Z","timestamp":1707985777000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fetal MRI Analysis of Corpus Callosal Abnormalities: Classification, and Associated Anomalies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kranthi K.","family":"Marathu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0803-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzan","family":"Vahedifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuchu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jubril O.","family":"Adepoju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhee M.","family":"Bowker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Supanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division for Diagnostic Medical Physics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario M.","family":"Cosme-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0146","article-title":"Anomalies of the corpus callosum: An MR analysis of the phenotypic spectrum of associated malformations","volume":"187","author":"Hetts","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/21946513","article-title":"The corpus callosum: White matter or terra incognita","volume":"84","author":"Fitsiori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2004.00354.x","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating the development of the corpus callosum and its agenesis in mouse and human","volume":"66","author":"Richards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1631","article-title":"The normal and abnormal genu of the corpus callosum: An evolutionary, embryologic, anatomic, and MR analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kier","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20282","article-title":"Imaging, anatomical, and molecular analysis of callosal formation in the developing human fetal brain","volume":"288","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Part A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.160.5.8470609","article-title":"MR imaging of the corpus callosum","volume":"160","author":"Georgy","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.251045085","article-title":"Diffusion-tensor MR imaging and fiber tractography: A new method of describing aberrant fiber connections in developmental CNS anomalies","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901320103","article-title":"Development of the corpus callosum and cavum septi in man","volume":"132","author":"Rakic","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2107","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity","volume":"8","author":"Paul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt358","article-title":"Clinical, genetic and imaging findings identify new causes for corpus callosum development syndromes","volume":"137","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32418","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum in California 1983-2003: A population-based study","volume":"146A","author":"Glass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000120229","article-title":"Frequency of agenesis of the corpus callosum in the developmentally disabled population as determined by computerized tomography","volume":"12","author":"Jeret","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1968.tb02944.x","article-title":"Children with agenesis of the corpus callosum","volume":"10","author":"Grogono","year":"1968","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"69","article-title":"Imaging features of complete agenesis of corpus callosum in a 3-year-old child","volume":"18","author":"Nagwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sudan. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofman, J., Hutny, M., Sztuba, K., and Paprocka, J. (2020). Corpus Callosum Agenesis: An Insight into the Etiology and Spectrum of Symptoms. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090625"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Barkovich, A.J. (2005). Pediatric Neuroimaging, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12315","article-title":"Counseling in fetal medicine: Agenesis of the corpus callosum","volume":"40","author":"Santo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.799","article-title":"Hand and sex differences in the isthmus and genu of the human corpus callosum. A postmortem morphological study","volume":"112","author":"Witelson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12978","article-title":"Corpus callosum abnormalities: Neuroradiological and clinical correlations","volume":"58","author":"Blaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318208f492","article-title":"Distinguishing 3 classes of corpus callosal abnormalities in consanguineous families","volume":"76","author":"Hanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neal, J.B., Filippi, C.G., and Mayeux, R. (2015). Morphometric variability of neuroimaging features in Children with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. BMC Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0382-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00260","article-title":"Presence of Probst Bundles Indicates White Matter Remodeling in a Dog With Corpus Callosum Hypoplasia and Dysplasia","volume":"5","author":"Dennler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(90)90091-O","article-title":"The clinical and radiological evaluation of absence of the corpus callosum","volume":"10","author":"Byrd","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2208","article-title":"Disorders of prosencephalic development","volume":"29","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2022.100973","article-title":"Congenital Brain Malformations: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach","volume":"42","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4103\/JPN.JPN_174_19","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Fetal Corpus Callosal Developmental Abnormalities: A Pictorial Essay","volume":"15","author":"Manor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2011.00681.x","article-title":"Imaging spectrum of pediatric corpus callosal pathology: A pictorial review","volume":"23","author":"Hunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.6.791","article-title":"Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Fetuses Referred for Sonographically Suspected Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum","volume":"24","author":"Glenn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70277-2","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in the prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum","volume":"170","author":"Vergani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970150402","article-title":"Assessment and management of fetal agenesis of the corpus callosum","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052407","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Clinical, neuroradiological and cytogenetic studies","volume":"19","author":"Serur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropaediatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30719-8","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Its associated anomalies and syndromes with special reference to the Apert syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassonde, M., and Jeeves, M.A. (1994). Callosal Agenesis: A Natural Split Brain?, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0487-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassonde, M., and Jeeves, M.A. (1994). Callosal Agenesis: A Natural Split Brain?, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0487-6"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.024","article-title":"Neurodevelopment after prenatal diagnosis of isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum: An integrative review","volume":"206","author":"Sotiriadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.008","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Clinical and genetic study in 63 young patients","volume":"34","author":"Bedeschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0421-7","article-title":"Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging: Brain normal linear biometric values below 24 gestational weeks","volume":"50","author":"Parazzini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garel, C. (2004). MRI of the Fetal Brain: Normal Development and Cerebral Pathologies, Pathology of the Midline Cap, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18747-6_9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2310","article-title":"Corpus callosum length by gestational age as evaluated by fetal MR imaging","volume":"32","author":"Harreld","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S298","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.332286","article-title":"Fetal ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus-What shouldn\u2019t be missed on imaging?","volume":"69","author":"Sira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.04.012","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with prenatally diagnosed corpus callosal abnormalities","volume":"40","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4990","article-title":"Role of fetal MRI in the evaluation of isolated and non-isolated corpus callosum dysgenesis: Results of a cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Manganaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1331","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: An MR imaging analysis of associated abnormalities in the fetus","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-020-00182-6","article-title":"Beyond fetal magnetic resonance diagnosis of corpus callosum agenesis","volume":"51","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Settimo, C., Bonanno, L., Tresoldi, M., Muratore, R., Cucinotta, F., Tripodi, E., Piccolo, A., Anchesi, S., and Impallomeni, C. (2022). Early and Innovative Rehabilitation in Warkany Syndrome 2 Associated with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: A Case Report. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9050722"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-81","article-title":"The trisomy 18 syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Cereda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13039-015-0196-6","article-title":"Neurological features of 14q24-q32 interstitial deletion: Report of a new case","volume":"8","author":"Nicita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cytogenet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2014.05.004","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of 17q12 duplication and deletion syndrome in two fetuses with congenital anomalies","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32643","article-title":"Chromosome 17q12 duplications: Further delineation of the range of psychiatric and clinical phenotypes","volume":"177","author":"Kamath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32476","article-title":"Agenesis and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum: Clinical, genetic and neuroimaging findings in a series of 41 patients","volume":"146A","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738211016253","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Diagnosis of Fetal Corpus Callosum Abnormalities and Follow-up Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.09.007","article-title":"Spectrum of corpus callosum agenesis","volume":"32","author":"Sztriha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i16.3725","article-title":"Review of deep learning and artificial intelligence models in fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"11","author":"Vahedifard","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7978","article-title":"Automatic Localization of the Pons and Vermis on Fetal Brain MR Imaging Using a U-Net Deep Learning Model","volume":"44","author":"Vahedifard","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain at 3 Tesla. Preliminary experience from a single series","volume":"97","author":"Vassallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"9903","article-title":"Fiber Tractography and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Children with Agenesis and Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum: A Clinico-Radiological Correlation","volume":"7","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"598","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of anomalies of the corpus callosum over a 13-year period","volume":"37","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.1.171","article-title":"Anomalies of the corpus callosum: Correlation with further anomalies of the brain","volume":"151","author":"Barkovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1872-y","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum. An autopsy study in fetuses","volume":"468","author":"Kidron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/15513815.2014.915366","article-title":"Postnatally diagnosed agenesis of corpus callosum in fetuses","volume":"33","author":"Kitova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23472","article-title":"Clinical, genetic and neuropathological findings in a series of 138 fetuses with a corpus callosum malformation","volume":"106","author":"Alby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.1.131","article-title":"Agenesis of the corpus callosum: A United Kingdom series of 56 cases","volume":"64","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassonde, M., and Jeeves, M.A. (1994). Callosal Agenesis: A Natural Split Brain?, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0487-6"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2019.00160","article-title":"Apparent diffusion coefficient assessment of brain development in normal fetuses and ventriculomegaly","volume":"7","author":"Manganaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Phys."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/4\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:00:12Z","timestamp":1760104812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/4\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14040430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14040430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]}}}