{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:31:03Z","timestamp":1770420663429,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Health and Medical Research Fund Research Fellowship Scheme 2021","award":["06200137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06200137"]}]},{"name":"Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Health and Medical Research Fund Research Fellowship Scheme 2021","award":["HTI-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTI-4"]}]},{"name":"Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Health and Medical Research Fund Research Fellowship Scheme 2021","award":["P0045657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0045657"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Large Equipment Fund for Teaching 2020\/21","award":["06200137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06200137"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Large Equipment Fund for Teaching 2020\/21","award":["HTI-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTI-4"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Large Equipment Fund for Teaching 2020\/21","award":["P0045657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0045657"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Collaboration Scheme for HTI and PYNEH Clinical Oncology 2022","award":["06200137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06200137"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Collaboration Scheme for HTI and PYNEH Clinical Oncology 2022","award":["HTI-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTI-4"]}]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Collaboration Scheme for HTI and PYNEH Clinical Oncology 2022","award":["P0045657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0045657"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-criteria optimization (MCO) function has been available on commercial radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning systems to improve plan quality; however, no study has compared Eclipse and RayStation MCO functions for prostate RT planning. The purpose of this study was to compare prostate RT MCO plan qualities in terms of discrepancies between Pareto optimal and final deliverable plans, and dosimetric impact of final deliverable plans. In total, 25 computed tomography datasets of prostate cancer patients were used for Eclipse (version 16.1) and RayStation (version 12A) MCO-based plannings with doses received by 98% of planning target volume having 76 Gy prescription (PTV76D98%) and 50% of rectum (rectum D50%) selected as trade-off criteria. Pareto optimal and final deliverable plan discrepancies were determined based on PTV76D98% and rectum D50% percentage differences. Their final deliverable plans were compared in terms of doses received by PTV76 and other structures including rectum, and PTV76 homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI), using a t-test. Both systems showed discrepancies between Pareto optimal and final deliverable plans (Eclipse: \u22120.89% (PTV76D98%) and \u22122.49% (Rectum D50%); RayStation: 3.56% (PTV76D98%) and \u22121.96% (Rectum D50%)). Statistically significantly different average values of PTV76D98%,HI and CI, and mean dose received by rectum (Eclipse: 76.07 Gy, 0.06, 1.05 and 39.36 Gy; RayStation: 70.43 Gy, 0.11, 0.87 and 51.65 Gy) are noted, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Eclipse MCO-based prostate RT plan quality appears better than that of RayStation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Study of Eclipse and RayStation Multi-Criteria Optimization-Based Prostate Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"John Y. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent W. S.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1944-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rico H. M.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtise K. C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.01.033","article-title":"Benefits and risks of primary treatments for high-risk localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: An international multidisciplinary systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Moris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214122","article-title":"Fifteen-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer","volume":"388","author":"Hamdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2019.1632476","article-title":"High accumulated doses to the inferior rectum are associated with late gastro-intestinal toxicity in a case-control study of prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Pettersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.12.013","article-title":"Online adaptive radiotherapy potentially reduces toxicity for high-risk prostate cancer treatment","volume":"167","author":"Christiansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, V.W.S., Ng, C.K.C., Lam, S.K., Wong, P.T., Ng, K.Y., Tam, C.H., Lee, T.C., Chow, K.C., Chow, Y.K., and Tam, V.C.W. (2023). Computed tomography-based radiomics for long-term prognostication of high-risk localized prostate cancer patients received whole pelvic radiotherapy. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13121643"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R.C.K., Ng, C.K.C., Hung, R.H.M., Li, Y.T.Y., Tam, Y.T.Y., Wong, B.Y.L., Yu, J.C.K., and Leung, V.W.S. (2023). Comparative study of plan robustness for breast radiotherapy: Volumetric modulated arc therapy plans with robust optimization versus manual flash approach. Diagnostics., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13223395"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C.K.C., Leung, V.W.S., and Hung, R.H.M. (2022). Clinical evaluation of deep learning and atlas-based auto-contouring for head and neck radiation therapy. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211681"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12748","article-title":"A dosimetric comparison of the use of equally spaced beam (ESB), beam angle optimization (BAO), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in head and neck cancers treated by intensity modulated radiotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.09.054","article-title":"Prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy: An overview of toxicity and dose response","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2022.07.001","article-title":"Dose-volume analysis of planned versus accumulated dose as a predictor for late gastrointestinal toxicity in men receiving radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.06.033","article-title":"Anorectal dose-effect relations for late gastrointestinal toxicity following external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer in the FLAME trial","volume":"162","author":"Groen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2019.02.001","article-title":"Complementary relation between the improvement of dose delivery technique and PTV margin reduction in dose-escalated radiation therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"9","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pract. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1017\/S1460396919000025","article-title":"Trade-off between the conflicting planning goals in correlation with patient\u2019s anatomical parameters for intensity-modulated radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients","volume":"18","author":"Banaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radiother. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13940","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13940","article-title":"The effect of integrating knowledge-based planning with multicriteria optimization in treatment planning for prostate SBRT","volume":"24","author":"Jayarathna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Park, J., Oh, S., Yea, J.W., Lee, J.E., and Park, J.W. (2021). Multi-criteria optimization for planning volumetric-modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257216"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56966-y","article-title":"Template-based automation of treatment planning in advanced radiotherapy: A comprehensive dosimetric and clinical evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Cilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2023.2238882","article-title":"Improving knowledge-based treatment planning for lung cancer radiotherapy with automatic multi-criteria optimized training plans","volume":"62","author":"Fjellanger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.08.019","article-title":"Multi-criteria optimization and decision-making in radiotherapy","volume":"277","author":"Breedveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1175-y","article-title":"Effectiveness of multi-criteria optimization-based trade-off exploration in combination with RapidPlan for head & neck radiotherapy planning","volume":"13","author":"Currie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.03.020","article-title":"Multi-criteria optimization achieves superior normal tissue sparing in intensity-modulated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal cancer patients","volume":"80","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.05.018","article-title":"Discrepancies between selected Pareto optimal plans and final deliverable plans in radiotherapy multi-criteria optimization","volume":"120","author":"Kyroudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2023.103139","article-title":"Influence of optimisation parameters on directly deliverable Pareto fronts explored for prostate cancer","volume":"114","author":"Zeverino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-017-0903-z","article-title":"Multicriteria plan optimization in the hands of physicians: A pilot study in prostate cancer and brain tumors","volume":"12","author":"Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5410","article-title":"Volumetric-modulated arc therapy planning using multicriteria optimization for localized prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ghandour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-015-0385-9","article-title":"Multicriteria optimization enables less experienced planners to efficiently produce high quality treatment plans in head and neck cancer radiotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Kierkels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2023.100488","article-title":"Selective sparing of bladder and rectum sub-regions in radiotherapy of prostate cancer combining knowledge-based automatic planning and multicriteria optimization","volume":"28","author":"Alborghetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2337165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.37165","article-title":"Differential use of radiotherapy fractionation regimens in prostate cancer","volume":"6","author":"Qureshy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.01.014","article-title":"ESTRO ACROP consensus guideline on CT- and MRI-based target volume delineation for primary radiation therapy of localized prostate cancer","volume":"127","author":"Salembier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S1460396920000370","article-title":"An institutional review: Dosimetry comparison between simultaneous integrated boost IMRT and VMAT for prostate cancer","volume":"20","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radiother. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201289","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20201289","article-title":"Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT): A review of clinical outcomes-what is the clinical evidence for the most effective implementation?","volume":"95","author":"Hunte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, December 13). Eclipse Treatment Planning System. Available online: https:\/\/varian.widen.net\/s\/vfdt6qgn2n\/eclipse_brochure_rad11118_may2023."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2019.07.005","article-title":"Development of a multicentre automated model to reduce planning variability in radiotherapy of prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Panettieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2023, December 13). RayStation 12A: Instructions for Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.raysearchlabs.com\/siteassets\/raystation-landing-page\/rsl-d-rs-12a-ifu-en-1.1-2023-03-28-raystation-12a-instructions-for-use.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/pro6.1072","article-title":"Analysis of different evaluation indexes for prostate SBRT plans: Conformity index, homogeneity index and gradient index","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prec. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01858-7","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison of MR-linac-based IMRT and conventional VMAT treatment plans for prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Nierer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1353-6","article-title":"A treatment planning study comparing IMRT techniques and cyber knife for stereotactic body radiotherapy of low-risk prostate carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Scobioala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2020.05.008","article-title":"Exploration of clinical preferences in treatment planning of radiotherapy for prostate cancer using Pareto fronts and clinical grading analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kyroudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29100552","article-title":"Dose-volume constraints for organs at risk in radiotherapy (CORSAIR): An \u201call-in-one\u201d multicenter-multidisciplinary practical summary","volume":"29","author":"Bisello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaake, W., van der Schaaf, A., van Dijk, L.V., van den Bergh, A.C.M., and Langendijk, J.A. (2018). Development of a prediction model for late urinary incontinence, hematuria, pain and voiding frequency among irradiated prostate cancer patients. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197757"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1478126","article-title":"Genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity among patients with localized prostate cancer treated with conventional versus moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C.K.C. (2023). Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection and diagnosis in pediatric radiology: A systematic review. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030525"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C.K.C. (2023). Generative adversarial network (generative artificial intelligence) in pediatric radiology: A systematic review. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081372"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C.K.C. (2022). Artificial intelligence for radiation dose optimization in pediatric radiology: A systematic review. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9071044"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2023, December 14). RapidPlan Knowledge-Based Planning. Available online: https:\/\/www.varian.com\/en-au\/products\/radiotherapy\/treatment-planning\/rapidplan-knowledge-based-planning."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2023.07.002","article-title":"Evaluating Pareto optimal tradeoffs for hippocampal avoidance whole brain radiotherapy with knowledge-based multicriteria optimization","volume":"48","author":"Gebru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2023, December 14). RayStation Machine Learning Automated Treatment Planning. Available online: https:\/\/www.raysearchlabs.com\/siteassets\/about-overview\/media-center\/wp-re-ev-n-pdfs\/white-papers\/whitepaper_ml_automatedplanning_raystation.pdf."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/5\/465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:01:56Z","timestamp":1760104916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/5\/465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14050465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14050465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}