{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:52Z","timestamp":1760143732584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency","award":["2020-ER6901-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ER6901-02"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["2020-ER6901-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ER6901-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with neuroimmunological disorders (pwNID) who are receiving immunomodulating treatments, compared to healthy individuals. It included 25 pwNID with conditions such as optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis, as well as 56 healthy controls. All participants had completed their full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedule, and their blood samples were collected within six months of their last dose. The concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that pwNID had significantly lower antibody titers (58.4 \u00b1 49.2 RU\/mL) compared to healthy individuals (81.7 \u00b1 47.3 RU\/mL). This disparity persisted even after adjusting for age and the interval between the final vaccination and sample collection. A notable correlation was found between the use of immunomodulating treatments and reduced antibody levels, whereas mRNA vaccines were linked to higher antibody concentrations. The conclusion of this study is that immunomodulating treatments may reduce the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwNID. This insight is crucial for healthcare providers in designing vaccination strategies and managing treatment plans for pwNID on immunomodulating therapies, highlighting the need for personalized approaches in this subgroup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1708944017000},"page":"502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses in Patients with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Real-World Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Myoung","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31193, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeon Hak","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi Young","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5578-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soonwook","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.012","article-title":"Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Randolph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01122-8","article-title":"A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations","volume":"5","author":"Mathieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human. 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