{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T20:57:37Z","timestamp":1771102657626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Linked color imaging (LCI) for image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) highlights mucosal color differences. We investigated risk factors associated with mucosal redness of the duodenal bulb using LCI. Consecutive patients were retrospectively selected after their duodenal bulbs were observed via LCI. A symptom questionnaire (Izumo scale) was completed. The LCI of the duodenal bulb was subjectively evaluated on whether redness was present and objectively evaluated based on L* a* b* color values. The clinical characteristics of the 302 study participants were: male\/female, 120\/182; mean age, 70.9 years. Twenty-one cases (7.0%) were in the redness (+) group. After multiple regression analysis, independent predictors for the red component (a*) of the duodenal bulb using LCI were: age (\u03b2 = \u22120.154, p &lt; 0.01), female (\u03b2 = \u22120.129, p &lt; 0.05), body mass index (BMI; \u03b2 = \u22120.136, p &lt; 0.05), Helicobacter pylori eradication (\u03b2 = 0.137, p &lt; 0.05), endoscopic gastric mucosal atrophy score (EGAS; \u03b2 = \u22120.149, p &lt; 0.05), and constipation-related quality of life (QOL) (\u03b2 = \u22120.122, p &lt; 0.05) scores. Lower age, lower BMI, lower EGAS, a constipation-related QOL score, post-H. pylori eradication, and being male were associated with mucosal redness in the duodenal bulb with IEE using LCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1709091477000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk Factors for Mucosal Redness in the Duodenal Bulb as Detected via Linked Color Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Takeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Asaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyo","family":"Iwano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Momoko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisanori","family":"Utsunomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shotaro","family":"Oki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroya","family":"Ueyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-5585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko","family":"Hojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuko","family":"Nojiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5979-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihito","family":"Nagahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04114.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of constipation in North America: A systematic 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