{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:35:32Z","timestamp":1785468932725,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a commonly used method for clinically evaluating balance after traumatic brain injury. The utilization of force plates, characterized by their cost-effectiveness and portability, facilitates the integration of instrumentation into the BESS protocol. Despite the enhanced precision associated with instrumented measures, there remains a need to determine the clinical significance and feasibility of such measures within pediatric cohorts. Objective: To report a comprehensive set of posturographic measures obtained during instrumented BESS and to examine the concurrent validity, reliability, and feasibility of instrumented BESS in the pediatric point of care setting. Methods: Thirty-seven participants (18 female; aged 13.32 \u00b1 3.31 years) performed BESS while standing on a force plate to simultaneously compute stabilometric measures (instrumented BESS). Ellipse area (EA), path length (PL), and sway velocity (VM) were obtained for each of the six BESS positions and compared with the respective BESS scores. Additionally, the effects of sex and age were explored. A second BESS repetition was performed to evaluate the test\u2013retest reliability. Feedback questionnaires were handed out after testing to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed protocol. Results: The BESS total score was 20.81 \u00b1 6.28. While there was no statistically significant age or sex dependency in the BESS results, instrumented posturography demonstrated an age dependency in EA, VM, and PL. The one-leg stance on a soft surface resulted in the highest BESS score (8.38 \u00b1 1.76), EA (218.78 cm2 \u00b1 168.65), PL (4386.91 mm \u00b1 1859.00), and VM (21.93 mm\/s \u00b1 9.29). The Spearman\u2019s coefficient displayed moderate to high correlations between the EA (rs = 0.429\u20130.770, p = 0.001\u20130.009), PL (rs = 0.451\u20130.809, p = 0.001\u20130.006), and VM (rs = 0.451\u20130.809, p = 0.001\u20130.006) when compared with the BESS scores for all testing positions, except for the one-leg stance on a soft surface. The BESS total score significantly correlated during the first and second repetition (rs = 0.734, p \u2264 0.001), as did errors during the different testing positions (rs = 0.489\u20130.799, p \u2264 0.001\u20130.002), except during the two-legged stance on a soft surface. VM and PL correlated significantly in all testing positions (rs = 0.465\u20130.675, p \u2264 0.001\u20130.004; (rs = 0.465\u20130.675, p \u2264 0.001\u20130.004), as did EA for all positions except for the two-legged stance on a soft surface (rs = 0.392\u20130.581, p \u2264 0.001\u20130.016). A total of 92% of participants stated that the instructions for the testing procedure were very well-explained, while 78% of participants enjoyed the balance testing, and 61% of participants could not decide whether the testing was easy or hard to perform. Conclusions: Instrumented posturography may complement clinical assessment in investigating postural control in children and adolescents. While the BESS score only allows for the consideration of a total score approximating postural control, instrumented posturography offers several parameters representing the responsiveness and magnitude of body sway as well as a more differentiated analysis of movement trajectory. Concise instrumented posturography protocols should be developed to augment neuropediatric assessments in cases where a deficiency in postural control is suspected, potentially stemming from disruptions in the processing of visual, proprioceptive, and\/or vestibular information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1709116656000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Instrumented Balance Error Scoring System in Children and Adolescents\u2014A Cross Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nils K. T.","family":"Sch\u00f6nberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Poppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Children\u2019s Hospital, Sports Medicine Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1522-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"H\u00f6finger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Fabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8547-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena M.","family":"Bonke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9813-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philine","family":"Rojczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"H\u00f6sl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Kiwull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Transition, Rehabilitation and Palliation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Clinic for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Kinderzentrum Maulbronn gGmbH, 75433 Maulbronn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian A.","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Kinderzentrum Maulbronn gGmbH, 75433 Maulbronn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Blaschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Vill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga K.","family":"Koerte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen","family":"Huppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-9050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela V.","family":"Bonfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths\u2013United States, 2007 and 2013","volume":"66","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4126","article-title":"Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury in Europe: A Living Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Brazinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2512-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe","volume":"157","author":"Peeters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023732","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Cassidy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000820","article-title":"Paediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Coulter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2018-0257","article-title":"Pediatric Head Trauma: A Review and Update","volume":"40","author":"Zinkus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1350999","article-title":"Acute post-concussive symptoms in young children","volume":"31","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.434","article-title":"Predicting postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents who present to the emergency department","volume":"167","author":"Babcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09533-x","article-title":"Review of the Management of Pediatric Post-Concussion Syndrome-a Multi-Disciplinary, Individualized Approach","volume":"12","author":"Kapadia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182853","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2853","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury among Children","volume":"172","author":"Yeates","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1225982","article-title":"The effects of mild traumatic brain injury on postural control","volume":"31","author":"Degani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.09.003","article-title":"The effects of repetitive head impacts on postural control: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Bonke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518785901","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Injury Risk after Sport-Related Concussion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"McPherson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0871-y","article-title":"Neuromuscular Control Deficits and the Risk of Subsequent Injury after a Concussion: A Scoping Review","volume":"48","author":"Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002269","article-title":"No Clinical Predictors of Postconcussion Musculoskeletal Injury in College Athletes","volume":"52","author":"Buckley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.PEDS18626","article-title":"Clinical predictors of symptom resolution for children and adolescents with sport-related concussion","volume":"24","author":"Howell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.04.013","article-title":"Prognosis for Persistent Post Concussion Symptoms using a Multifaceted Objective Gait and Balance Assessment Approach","volume":"79","author":"Howell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097415","article-title":"What is the difference in concussion management in children as compared with adults? A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.03.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of Concussion on the Sidelines","volume":"30","author":"Comeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: Management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"Broglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111403122","article-title":"Systematic review of the balance error scoring system","volume":"3","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106849","article-title":"Sport concussion assessment tool\u20136 (SCAT6)","volume":"57","author":"Echemendia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"446","article-title":"On-field testing environment and balance error scoring system performance during preseason screening of healthy collegiate baseball players","volume":"42","author":"Onate","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1432891","article-title":"Reliability of the balance error scoring system in a population with protracted recovery from mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Cushman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.022","article-title":"Artificial neural network: A new diagnostic posturographic tool for disorders of stance","volume":"117","author":"Krafczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2012.00020","article-title":"Static posturography in aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Ickenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"756564","article-title":"The clinical relevance of force platform measures in multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"2013","author":"Prosperini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000193","article-title":"Postconcussion Postural Sway Variability Changes in Youth: The Benefit of Structural Variability Analyses","volume":"27","author":"Bonnette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000016","article-title":"An alternative to the balance error scoring system: Using a low-cost balance board to improve the validity\/reliability of sports-related concussion balance testing","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117741651","article-title":"Postural Stability in Healthy Child and Youth Athletes: The Effect of Age, Sex, and Concussion-Related Factors on Performance","volume":"10","author":"Paniccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023877","article-title":"Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.84.2.120","article-title":"A practical outcome scale for paediatric head injury","volume":"84","author":"Crouchman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00221.2004","article-title":"A new interpretation of spontaneous sway measures based on a simple model of human postural control","volume":"93","author":"Maurer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/21\/4\/308","article-title":"A quality control procedure for force platforms","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552010000300003","article-title":"Revision of posturography based on force plate for balance evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Duarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Altman, D.G. (2020). Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","article-title":"Statistical Power Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2015.1040717","article-title":"Reliability and concurrent validity of instrumented balance error scoring system using a portable force plate system","volume":"43","author":"Alsalaheen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000285","article-title":"A Normative Dataset of the Balance Error Scoring System in Children Aged Between 5 and 14","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115571508","article-title":"Balance Error Scoring System Performance in Children and Adolescents with No History of Concussion","volume":"7","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"399","article-title":"Psychometric and measurement properties of concussion assessment tools in youth sports","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.11.016","article-title":"Age-related changes in postural sway in preschoolers","volume":"44","author":"Verbecque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-129-17","article-title":"Normative Performance on the Balance Error Scoring System by Youth, High School, and Collegiate Athletes","volume":"53","author":"Ozinga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000374","article-title":"Assessment of the Postural Stability of Female and Male Athletes","volume":"27","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.3.173","article-title":"The influence of gender and somatotype on single-leg upright standing postural stability in children","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(94)90004-3","article-title":"Velocity of centre of pressure excursions as an indicator of postural control systems in children","volume":"2","author":"Riach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.11.042","article-title":"Developmental changes of static standing balance in children","volume":"376","author":"Rival","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S206530","article-title":"Normative data for the Balance Tracking System modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance protocol","volume":"12","author":"Goble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1549","article-title":"Static balance norms in children","volume":"19","author":"Condon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000651","article-title":"Vestibular, Oculomotor, and Balance Functions in Children with and without Concussion","volume":"36","author":"Cochrane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.003","article-title":"Postural sway in children: A literature review","volume":"49","author":"Verbecque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04541","article-title":"Neuromuscular performance of balance and posture control in childhood and adolescence","volume":"6","author":"Ludwig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.11.016","article-title":"Development of postural stability limits: Anteroposterior and mediolateral postural adjustment mechanisms do not follow the same maturation process","volume":"63","author":"Blanchet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100835","article-title":"Non-linear development of postural control and strategy use in young children: A longitudinal study","volume":"140","author":"Kirshenbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2019.06.003","article-title":"Relationships between adiposity and postural control in girls during balance tasks of varying difficulty","volume":"13","author":"Tsiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"431","article-title":"Mechanography in children: Pediatric references in postural control","volume":"22","author":"Pilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000873","article-title":"Balance control: Sex and age differences in 9- to 16-year-olds","volume":"47","author":"Nolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.10.042","article-title":"Age-related changes in postural control sensory reweighting","volume":"467","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.05.003","article-title":"Children achieve adult-like sensory integration during stance at 12-years-old","volume":"23","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18.6.2","article-title":"Maturational effects of the vestibular system: A study of rotary chair, computerized dynamic posturography, and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials with children","volume":"18","author":"Valente","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2015.04.008","article-title":"Comparison of the Wii Balance Board and the BESS tool measuring postural stability in collegiate athletes","volume":"29","author":"Guzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1856-y","article-title":"Sensor-Based Balance Measures Outperform Modified Balance Error Scoring System in Identifying Acute Concussion","volume":"45","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.06.002","article-title":"Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)","volume":"1","author":"Finnoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000293","article-title":"Reliability Testing of the Balance Error Scoring System in Children Between the Ages of 5 and 14","volume":"27","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/5\/513\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:06:34Z","timestamp":1760105194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/5\/513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14050513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14050513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}}}