{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1788301344795,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The trunk of the basilar artery has not been included in microanatomy studies. Anatomical variants of the perforant branches of the vertebrobasilar trunk and their relationship with neural structures are very important in surgical approaches. Surgical dissection for the treatment of vascular lesions requires a perfect knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy. Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis of 50 brains, which were fixed with formalin at 10% for 2 weeks, and the arterial system was injected with colored latex. After microsurgical dissection, it was divided into three segments: the lower portion went from the anterior spinal artery to the anteroinferior cerebellar artery, the middle segment was raised from the upper limit of the lower portion to the origin of the superior cerebellar artery, and the upper segment ranged from the previous portion until the origin of the posterior cerebral artery. Results: The basilar artery had an average length of 30 mm. The average diameter at its junction with the vertebral arteries was 4.05 mm. The average middle segment was 3.4 mm in diameter and 15.2 mm in length. The diameter of the upper segment was 4.2 mm, and its average length was 3.6 mm. The average number of bulbar arteries was three, and their average diameter was 0. 66 mm. The number of caudal perforator arteries were five on average, with a diameter of 0.32 mm. We found three rare cases of anatomical variants in the vertebra\u2013basilar junction. Conclusions: The basilar artery emits penetrating branches in its lower, middle, and upper portions. The origin of penetrating branches was single or divided after forming a trunk. However, we observed long branches from perforant arteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1709539427000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Vertebrobasilar Trunk and Its Anatomical Variants: A Microsurgical Anatomical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gervith","family":"Reyes-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Neurociencias, Department of Head and Neck, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City 04260, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio C.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de T\u00e9cnicas Anat\u00f3micas y Material Didactico, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 01070, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Delgado-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Castillo-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Servicio of the 1ro de Octubre Hospital of the Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Cacho Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Neurosciences Unit, Mexico National Cancer Institute, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennady","family":"Chmutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, 103274 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renat","family":"Nurmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, 103274 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Sufianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, 625000 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Sufianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery of Federal Center of Neurosurgery, Federal Center of Neurosurgery of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 625000 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Nikolenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinat","family":"Sufianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Goncharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center of Surgery, 121359 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Montemurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel De Jesus","family":"Encarnacion Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, 103274 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2022.04.007","article-title":"Anatomy of the Intracranial Arteries: The Anterior Intracranial and Vertebrobasilar Circulations","volume":"32","author":"Wolman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. 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