{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:19:08Z","timestamp":1787167148782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that there would be a correlation between nasal septum deviation (NSD) and a decreased maxillary sinus volume (MSV) in a Colombian population, using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); other sinusal anatomical structures found during the reading were described and analyzed. A retrospective analysis of 537 CBCT scans of adult patients taken between January 2014 and January 2017 included measuring the maxillary sinus diameter in the vertical, horizontal, and sagittal planes. NSD was quantified and related to MSV using the same field of view (FOV). The volume of the right and left maxillary sinuses showed a median and interquartile range (IQR) of 8.18 mm3 (IQR: 6.2\u201310.33) and 8.3 mm3 (IQR: 6.4\u201310.36). Statistically significant differences were observed between sex and right and left MSV (p = 0.000), with higher MSV in men. The presence of NSD was observed in 96.81% of the sample and was evaluated in degrees, observing a median of 11\u00b0 (IQR: 7\u201316) where 40% of the sample had moderate angles (9\u201315\u00b0). There was no correlation between NSD and a decreased MSV in the population studied. Detailed CBCT analysis with a large FOV is crucial for the analysis of anatomical structures before performing surgical procedures that involve the MS as a preventive diagnostic and therapeutic step for appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14060647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Relationship of Maxillary Sinus Volume and Nasal Septum Deviation: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6011-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda B.","family":"Rodriguez Betancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento del Sistema Periodontal, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leidy J.","family":"Martinez Somoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento del Sistema Periodontal, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Romero Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Roosevelt, Hospital Universitario, Bogot\u00e1 11023, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolga Fikret","family":"Tozum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Fernando","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1971-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamil Awad","family":"Shibli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina J.","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento del Sistema Periodontal, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2435-y","article-title":"The effect of nasal septal deviation on maxillary sinus volumes and development of maxillary sinusitis","volume":"270","author":"Okur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181198","article-title":"Volume quantification of healthy paranasal cavity by three-dimensional CT imaging","volume":"119","author":"Kawarai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.900634","article-title":"Nasal septal deviation and concha bullosa\u2013do they have an impact on maxillary sinus volumes and prevalence of maxillary sinusitis?","volume":"82","author":"Janik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20774","article-title":"The development and pathologic processes that influence maxillary sinus pneumatization","volume":"291","author":"Lawson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.09.010","article-title":"Introducing a simple method of maxillary sinus volume assessment based on linear dimensions","volume":"215","author":"Kulczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5152\/tao.2018.2987","article-title":"Impact of hard palate angulation caused by septal deviation on maxillary sinus volume","volume":"56","author":"Sapmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949310200911","article-title":"Development of the paranasal sinuses in children: Implications for paranasal sinus surgery","volume":"102","author":"Wolf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2319\/122915-895.1","article-title":"Maxillary sinus volume in patients with impacted canines","volume":"87","author":"Oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05651-x","article-title":"Is the maxillary sinus volume affected by concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation, and impacted teeth? A CBCT study","volume":"277","author":"Tassoker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199109000-00011","article-title":"The embryonic development of the lateral nasal wall from 8 to 24 weeks","volume":"101","author":"Bingham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"299","article-title":"Is septal deviation a risk factor for chronic sinusitis? Review of literature","volume":"55","author":"Collet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20992","article-title":"A systematic analysis of septal deviation associated with rhinosinusitis","volume":"120","author":"Orlandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.2019.49.1.45","article-title":"Concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation, and their impacts on maxillary sinus volume among Emirati people: A cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"49","author":"Uthman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000504963","article-title":"Evaluation of the Relationship of Dimensions of Maxillary Sinus Drainage System with Anatomical Variations and Sinusopathy: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Findings","volume":"29","author":"Akay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05383-y","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary sinus volume in different age and sex groups using CBCT","volume":"276","author":"Colak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-018-0360-x","article-title":"Investigation of maxillary sinus volume relationships with nasal septal deviation, concha bullosa, and impacted or missing teeth using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2007.02.002","article-title":"Nasal septal deformities in ear, nose, and throat patients: An international study","volume":"29","author":"Mladina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2617-7","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the maxillary sinus in patients with nasal septum deviation","volume":"271","author":"Orhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12123","article-title":"Maxillary sinusitis caused by dental implants extending into the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavities","volume":"23","author":"Biafora","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12570","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment outcomes of dental implant-related paranasal sinusitis: A 2-year prospective observational study","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12286","article-title":"Risk factors in lateral window sinus elevation surgery","volume":"81","author":"Testori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2000.011003256.x","article-title":"Anatomical aspects of sinus floor elevations","volume":"11","author":"Disch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598779","article-title":"Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. I. Simulation studies","volume":"26","author":"Gies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e723","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002226","article-title":"Is the maxillary sinus really suitable in sex determination? A three-dimensional analysis of maxillary sinus volume and surface depending on sex and dentition","volume":"26","author":"Heussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(95)80029-8","article-title":"The edentulous maxillary alveolar process in the region of the maxillary sinus\u2014A study of physical dimension","volume":"24","author":"Ulm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00058-6","article-title":"Anatomy, physiology and function of the nasal cavities in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Mygind","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e12727","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.06.295","article-title":"A review of the effects of expansion of the nasal base on nasal airflow and resistance","volume":"65","author":"Neeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2725","article-title":"Association between maxillary sinus dimensions and midface width: 2-D and 3-D volumetric cone-beam computed tomography cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Alhazmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.08.018","article-title":"Volume and distances of the maxillary sinus in craniofacial deformities with midfacial hypoplasia","volume":"141","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. -Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetty, S.R., Al Bayatti, S.W., Al-Rawi, N.H., Marei, H., Reddy, S., Abdelmagyd, H.A., Narasimhan, S., Al Kawas, S., and Mathew, A. (2021). Analysis of inferior nasal turbinate width and concha bullosa in subjects with nasal septum deviation: A cone beam tomography study. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01576-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12877","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of the implants accidentally protruding into nasal cavity extended to posterior maxilla due to inferior meatus pneumatization","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilie, A.C., Jianu, A.M., Rusu, M.C., and Mure\u0219an, A.N. (2022). Anatomical Changes in a Case with Asymmetrical Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050564"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-000-0243-8","article-title":"A new approach to the classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia with relevant clinical implications","volume":"22","author":"Sirikci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.12659\/PJR.895885","article-title":"Uncinate Process Variations and Their Relationship with Ostiomeatal Complex: A Pictorial Essay of Multidedector Computed Tomography (MDCT) Findings","volume":"81","author":"Okur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/6\/647\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:59Z","timestamp":1760105759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/6\/647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14060647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14060647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}