{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:13:52Z","timestamp":1787498032542,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an innovative neuroimaging method that offers several advantages over other commonly used modalities. This narrative review investigated the potential contribution of this method to the study of neurodegenerative disorders. Thirty-four studies involving patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy controls were reviewed. Overall, it was revealed that the prefrontal cortex of individuals with MCI may engage compensatory mechanisms to support declining brain functions. A rightward shift was suggested to compensate for the loss of the left prefrontal capacity in the course of cognitive decline. In parallel, some studies reported the failure of compensatory mechanisms in MCI and early AD; this lack of appropriate hemodynamic responses may serve as an early biomarker of neurodegeneration. One article assessing FTD demonstrated a heterogeneous cortical activation pattern compared to AD, indicating that fNIRS may contribute to the challenging distinction of these conditions. Regarding PD, there was evidence that cognitive resources (especially executive function) were recruited to compensate for locomotor impairments. As for ALS, fNIRS data support the involvement of extra-motor networks in ALS, even in the absence of measurable cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14060663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T09:13:08Z","timestamp":1711012388000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Contribution of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to the Study of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Liampas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freideriki","family":"Danga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Kyriakoulopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Siokas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polyxeni","family":"Stamati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lambros","family":"Messinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthimios","family":"Dardiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigorios","family":"Nasios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00052-6","article-title":"Developmental mechanisms in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"63","author":"Mehler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dugger, B.N., and Dickson, D.W. (2017). Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028035"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acac078","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy and Feasibility of a Telerehabilitation Program Using Language and Cognitive Exercises in Multi-Domain Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"38","author":"Nousia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.08.006","article-title":"Ageing and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erkkinen, M.G., Kim, M.O., and Geschwind, M.D. (2018). Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033118"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2018.02.006","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging modalities to study neurodegenerative diseases of aging brain","volume":"95","author":"Annavarapu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00265","article-title":"Role of Neuroimaging as a Biomarker for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.02.0017","article-title":"Functional imaging and related techniques: An introduction for rehabilitation researchers","volume":"47","author":"Crosson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx022","article-title":"Operationalizing compensation over time in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"140","author":"Gregory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4245821","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4245821","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"2020","author":"Dorszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211020863","article-title":"Evidence of cerebral hemodynamic dysregulation in middle-aged APOE \u03b54 carriers: The PREVENT-Dementia study","volume":"41","author":"Dounavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023514","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.10.2.023514","article-title":"Illuminating neurodegeneration: A future perspective on near-infrared spectroscopy in dementia research","volume":"10","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101992","article-title":"A promising tool to explore functional impairment in neurodegeneration: A systematic review of near-infrared spectroscopy in dementia","volume":"90","author":"Butters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199","article-title":"Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters","volume":"198","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"012101","article-title":"Best practices for fNIRS publications","volume":"8","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00724","article-title":"Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Clinical Application in the Field of Neuroscience: Advances and Future Directions","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bright, P. (2023, December 10). Neuroimaging\u2014Methods. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/389."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00641","article-title":"Signal Processing in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): Methodological Differences Lead to Different Statistical Results","volume":"11","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12206","article-title":"A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments","volume":"60","author":"Pinti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040600878785","article-title":"Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to Neurorehabilitation of Cognitive Disabilities","volume":"21","author":"Arenth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040600910018","article-title":"Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): An Emerging Neuroimaging Technology with Important Applications for the Study of Brain Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Irani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bairami, S., Folia, V., Liampas, I., Ntanasi, E., Patrikelis, P., Siokas, V., Yannakoulia, M., Sakka, P., Hadjigeorgiou, G., and Scarmeas, N. (2023). Exploring Verbal Fluency Strategies among Individuals with Normal Cognition, Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101860"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acac080","article-title":"Language Differences Among Individuals with Normal Cognition, Amnestic and Non-Amnestic MCI, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"38","author":"Liampas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.12.1475","article-title":"Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study","volume":"288","author":"Lyketsos","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liampas, I., Siokas, V., Lyketsos, C.G., and Dardiotis, E. (2022). The Relationship between Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults with Normal Cognition. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111586"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12267","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12267","article-title":"Risk of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"McGrattan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01205-w","article-title":"Uncovering heterogeneous cognitive trajectories in mild cognitive impairment: A data-driven approach","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2956459","article-title":"Assessing Neural Compensation with Visuospatial Working Memory Load Using Near-Infrared Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Ung","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Van Toi, V., Le, T.Q., Ngo, H.T., and Nguyen, T.H. (2018, January 27\u201329). Investigation of Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease During a Verbal Fluency Task. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Development of Biomedical Engineering in Vietnam (BME7), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. IFMBE Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7845104","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7845104","article-title":"Neural Compensatory Response During Complex Cognitive Function Tasks in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","volume":"2019","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00317","article-title":"Evaluation of Neural Degeneration Biomarkers in the Prefrontal Cortex for Early Identification of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: An fNIRS Study","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., and Hong, K.S. (2019, January 4\u20136). Comparison of Neural Biomarker Assessment Methods for Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Mechatronics, Robotics and Systems Engineering (MoRSE), Bali, Indonesia. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8998674.","DOI":"10.1109\/MoRSE48060.2019.8998674"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00287","article-title":"Visualizing Hyperactivation in Neurodegeneration Based on Prefrontal Oxygenation: A Comparative Study of Mild Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Healthy Controls","volume":"9","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"391","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition","volume":"27","author":"Goh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000450993","article-title":"Reduced Frontal Activations at High Working Memory Load in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"42","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12046","article-title":"Reduced Frontal Activation during a Working Memory Task in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Non-Invasive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","volume":"19","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.021","article-title":"Reduced parietal activation in participants with mild cognitive impairments during visual-spatial processing measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"146","author":"Haberstumpf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00366","article-title":"Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Non-invasive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.02.003","article-title":"Decreased hemodynamic response in inferior frontotemporal regions in elderly with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"274","author":"Katzorke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4363","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in mild cognitive impairment during memory retrieval","volume":"31","author":"Uemura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.12.012","article-title":"A quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy study: A decrease in cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"61","author":"Arai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Kim, M., Gwak, J., Lee, J.J., Choi, K.Y., Lee, K.H., and Kim, J.G. (2019). Investigation of brain functional connectivity in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. J. Biophotonics, 12.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800298"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025010","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.6.2.025010","article-title":"Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity and brain states in Alzheimer\u2019s diseases: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"6","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799732","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.799732","article-title":"Assessment of Brain Function in Patients with Cognitive Impairment Based on fNIRS and Gait Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937486","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.937486","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990\u20132019","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association Report (2023). Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement., 19, 1598\u20131695.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12967","article-title":"Early prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias using real-world electronic health records","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02265-y","article-title":"Cognitive trajectories preluding the imminent onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia in individuals with normal cognition: Results from the HELIAD cohort","volume":"35","author":"Liampas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180cc1fbc","article-title":"Reduced Prefrontal Oxygenation in Alzheimer Disease During Verbal Fluency Tasks","volume":"16","author":"Herrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181c65821","article-title":"Altered parietal brain oxygenation in alzheimer\u2019s disease as assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Zeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-016-0224-8","article-title":"Brain activation in frontotemporal and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"8","author":"Metzger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101622","article-title":"Dynamic cortical connectivity alterations associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An EEG and fNIRS integration study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"011010","article-title":"Study of memory deficit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by means of complexity analysis of fNIRS signal","volume":"5","author":"Perpetuini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.12.013","article-title":"Frontal activity during a verbal emotional working memory task in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"261","author":"Baskak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarelli, A.M., Perpetuini, D., Croce, P., Filippini, C., Cardone, D., Rotunno, L., Anzoletti, N., Zito, M., Zappasodi, F., and Merla, A. (2021). Evidence of Neurovascular Un-Coupling in Mild Alzheimer\u2019s Disease through Multimodal EEG-fNIRS and Multivariate Analysis of Resting-State Data. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040337"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonioni, A., Raho, E.M., Lopriore, P., Pace, A.P., Latino, R.R., Assogna, M., Mancuso, M., Gragnaniello, D., Granieri, E., and Pugliatti, M. (2023). Frontotemporal Dementia, Where Do We Stand? A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411732"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.01.008","article-title":"Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"35","author":"Olney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12485","article-title":"Conceptual framework for the definition of preclinical and prodromal frontotemporal dementia","volume":"18","author":"Benussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16305-8","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"363","author":"Samii","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Stoker, T.B., and Greenland, J.C. (2023, November 17). Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Etiology, Neuropathology, and Pathogenesis, Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK536722\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00024-9","article-title":"Alpha-synucleinopathies","volume":"145","author":"Alafuzoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601686","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.601686","article-title":"Changes in Prefrontal Cortical Activity During Walking and Cognitive Functions Among Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Ranchet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine, J.M., Matar, E., Ward, P.B., Bolitho, S.J., Pearson, M., Naismith, S.L., and Lewis, S.J.G. (2013). Differential Neural Activation Patterns in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Freezing of Gait in Response to Concurrent Cognitive and Motor Load. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052602"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.053","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex during postural control in Parkinsonian syndromes a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"1633","author":"Mahoney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.07.024","article-title":"The Association between Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Turning Behavior in People with and without Freezing of Gait","volume":"416","author":"Belluscio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac114","article-title":"Greater prefrontal activation during sitting toe tapping predicts severer freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An fNIRS study","volume":"33","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7650-6","article-title":"Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin link freezing of gait to frontal activation in patients with Parkinson disease: An fNIRS study of transient motor-cognitive failures","volume":"262","author":"Maidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Maidan, I., Sharon, T., Kurz, I., Bernad-Elazari, H., Shustak, S., Galperin, I., Giladi, N., Mirelman, A., and Hausdorff, J. (2019). The Effects of Obstacle Size and Timing on Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Mov. Disord., 34, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/the-effects-of-obstacle-size-and-timing-on-prefrontal-cortex-activation-in-patients-with-parkinsons-disease\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316650426","article-title":"The Role of the Frontal Lobe in Complex Walking Among Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study","volume":"30","author":"Maidan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.038","article-title":"Cortical activation during gait adaptability in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"91","author":"Pelicioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320969943","article-title":"People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Exhibit Reduced Cognitive and Motor Cortical Activity When Undertaking Complex Stepping Tasks Requiring Inhibitory Control","volume":"34","author":"Pelicioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.014","article-title":"Abnormally reduced frontal cortex activity during Trail-Making-Test in prodromal parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013a fNIRS study","volume":"105","author":"Hofmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Cognitive impairment across ALS clinical stages in a population-based cohort","volume":"93","author":"Moglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09652-y","article-title":"Global variation in prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"267","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"CD001447","article-title":"Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)\/motor neuron disease (MND)","volume":"2012","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Writing Group, and Edaravone (MCI-186) ALS 19 Study Group (2017). Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol., 16, 505\u2013512."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3031495","article-title":"Electrical and Hemodynamic Neural Functions in People with ALS: An EEG-fNIRS Resting-State Study","volume":"28","author":"Deligani","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066036","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab456c","article-title":"Multimodal exploration of non-motor neural functions in ALS patients using simultaneous EEG-fNIRS recording","volume":"16","author":"Borgheai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1166\/jnsne.2014.1095","article-title":"Assessment of Prefrontal Cortex Activity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Ayaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.09.020","article-title":"Interhemispheric connectivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A near-infrared spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Kopitzki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2013.797889","article-title":"Neural correlates of cognitive decline in ALS: An fNIRS study of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.002","article-title":"Compensation in Preclinical Huntington\u2019s Disease: Evidence from the Track-On HD Study","volume":"2","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.02.004","article-title":"Compensation and Disease Severity on the Memory-Related Activations in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"68","author":"Belleville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116938","article-title":"Assessment of the reporting quality of double-blind RCTs for ischemic stroke based on the CONSORT statement","volume":"415","author":"Kodounis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-019-01931-9","article-title":"Assessment of the reporting quality of RCTs for novel oral anticoagulants in venous thromboembolic disease based on the CONSORT statement","volume":"48","author":"Liampas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","article-title":"The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1464","author":"Pinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liampas, I., Folia, V., Zoupa, E., Siokas, V., Yannakoulia, M., Sakka, P., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Scarmeas, N., Dardiotis, E., and Kosmidis, M.H. (2022). Qualitative Verbal Fluency Components as Prognostic Factors for Developing Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results from the Population-Based HELIAD Cohort. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121814"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11541-w","article-title":"Associations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and incident Alzheimer\u2019s dementia in men versus women","volume":"270","author":"Liampas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"162","article-title":"Cognitive Performance and Incident Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia in Men Versus Women","volume":"11","author":"Liampas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13621","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms and incident Lewy body dementia in male versus female older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"78","author":"Liampas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617722000376","article-title":"Language performance as a prognostic factor for developing Alzheimer\u2019s clinical syndrome and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the population-based HELIAD cohort","volume":"29","author":"Folia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/6\/663\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:23Z","timestamp":1760105843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/6\/663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14060663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14060663","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}