{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:50:16Z","timestamp":1789915816999,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has seen significant progress in medical diagnostics, particularly in image and video analysis. This review focuses on the application of AI in analyzing in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) images for corneal diseases. The cornea, as an exposed and delicate part of the body, necessitates the precise diagnoses of various conditions. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a key component of deep learning, are a powerful tool for image data analysis. This review highlights AI applications in diagnosing keratitis, dry eye disease, and diabetic corneal neuropathy. It discusses the potential of AI in detecting infectious agents, analyzing corneal nerve morphology, and identifying the subtle changes in nerve fiber characteristics in diabetic corneal neuropathy. However, challenges still remain, including limited datasets, overfitting, low-quality images, and unrepresentative training datasets. This review explores augmentation techniques and the importance of feature engineering to address these challenges. Despite the progress made, challenges are still present, such as the \u201cblack-box\u201d nature of AI models and the need for explainable AI (XAI). Expanding datasets, fostering collaborative efforts, and developing user-friendly AI tools are crucial for enhancing the acceptance and integration of AI into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14070694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1711459001000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Artificial-Intelligence-Enhanced Analysis of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Corneal Diseases: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6164-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kryszan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, District Railway Hospital, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, District Railway Hospital, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Health Promotion and Obesity Management, Pathophysiology Department, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kijonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, District Railway Hospital, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Potrawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Walasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, District Railway Hospital, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogus\u0142awa","family":"Orzechowska-Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chair of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FDA (2023, October 10). 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