{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1788825028840,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease, which is diagnosed on a compatible clinical presentation, non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissue samples, and exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous disease. Considering its heterogeneity, numerous aspects of the disease remain to be elucidated. In this context, the identification and integration of biomarkers may hold significance in clinical practice, aiding in appropriate selection of patients for targeted clinical trials. This work aims to discuss and analyze how validated biomarkers are currently integrated in disease category definitions. Future studies are mandatory to unravel the diverse contributions of genetics, socioeconomic status, environmental exposures, and other sociodemographic variables to disease severity and phenotypic presentation. Furthermore, the implementation of transcriptomics, multidisciplinary approaches, and consideration of patients\u2019 perspectives, reporting innovative insights, could be pivotal for a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and the optimization of clinical assistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14070709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:14:09Z","timestamp":1711548849000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Phenotypes and Serum Biomarkers in Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Della Zoppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Rocco","family":"Bertuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fady","family":"Tousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Crescenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lettieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Guido","family":"Corsico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Piloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia Maria","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0251ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and Detection of Sarcoidosis an Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"201","author":"Crouser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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