{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:59:30Z","timestamp":1776362370454,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"NIDCR\/NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DE028295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DE028295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stains produced by bacteria or those found in blood and food byproducts accumulate in highly porous caries lesions. They can interfere with accurate diagnosis and the selective removal of carious tissue during cavity preparations. Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) imaging studies have shown that stain molecules do not absorb light beyond 1200 nm. The objective of this study was to image affected and infected dentin atSWIR wavelengths. Sections of 3 mm thickness were cut from the extracted teeth with deep dentinal lesions. The sound (normal), affected (stained), and infected (demineralized) dentin on each section were examined with reflected light at wavelengths from 400 to 1700 nm, red and green fluorescence, and with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Microcomputed tomography (microCT) was used to measure the mineral density at each location investigated. Significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences were observed in the reflected light intensity at 400\u2013850 nm and for fluorescence between the sound, affected, and infected dentin. SWIR imaging did not show significant reductions in reflectivity for the affected and infected dentin. SWIR images may be valuable for monitoring the lateral spread of dentinal lesions on the occlusal surfaces of teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14070744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:44:52Z","timestamp":1711892692000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging of Infected and Affected Dentin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5636-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Wycoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8054-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2012.0097","article-title":"The prevalence of questionable occlusal caries: Findings from the Dental Practice-Based Research Network","volume":"143","author":"Makhija","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000354841","article-title":"Characteristics, detection methods and treatment of questionable occlusal carious lesions: Findings from the national dental practice-based research network","volume":"48","author":"Makhija","year":"2014","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.11.004","article-title":"Dentists\u2019 decision strategies for suspicious occlusal caries lesions in a National Dental PBRN study","volume":"69","author":"Makhija","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C., Almaz, E.C., Simon, J.C., Fried, D., and Darling, C.L. (2019). Near-infrared imaging of demineralization on the occlusal surfaces of teeth without the interference of stains. J. Biomed. Opt., 24.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.3.036002"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959a","article-title":"Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature","volume":"190","author":"Watts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(98)00048-X","article-title":"Discoloration of dental carious lesions (a review)","volume":"43","author":"Kleter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1984.tb03406.x","article-title":"Photoinduced oxygen consumption in melanin systems. Action spectra and quantum yields for eumelanin and synthetic melanin","volume":"39","author":"Sarna","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, D., Ye, T., Matthews, T.E., Yurtsever, G., and Warren, W.S. (2007). Two-color, two-photon, and excited-state absorption microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt., 12.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2780173"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000262404","article-title":"Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth on the occlusal surface","volume":"31","author":"Ekstrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","article-title":"The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): An integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1159\/000350924","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of underlying dark shadow from dentin (ICDAS 4) in permanent molars","volume":"47","author":"Bertella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000224210","article-title":"Clinical visual caries detection","volume":"21","author":"Topping","year":"2009","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1159\/000533155","article-title":"Underlying dentin shadows (ICDAS 4) in occlusal surface of permanent teeth have low progression rate after 1-2 years","volume":"57","author":"Marquezan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22641","article-title":"Near-IR and CP-OCT imaging of suspected occlusal caries lesions","volume":"49","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O., Nyvad, B., and Kidd, E. (2015). Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management, Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0252","article-title":"Treatment of deep carious lesions by complete excavation or partial removal: A critical review","volume":"139","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000077770","article-title":"How \u2018clean\u2019 must a cavity be before restoration?","volume":"38","author":"Kidd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Zandona, A., and Longbottom, C. (2019). Detection and Assessment of Dental Caries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2005.0237","article-title":"Removing carious dentin using a polymer instrument without anesthesia versus a carbide bur with anesthesia","volume":"136","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zandona, A., and Longbottom, C. (2019). Detection and Assessment of Dental Caries: A Clinical Guide, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, V.B., Curtis, D.A., and Fried, D. (2018). Cross-polarization reflectance imaging of root caries and dental calculus at wavelengths from 400-2350-nm. J. Biophotonics, 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800113"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakian, C., Pretty, I., and Ellwood, R. (2009). Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging of teeth for dental caries detection. J. Biomed. Opt., 14.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3275480"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.03.010","article-title":"Fluorescence and Near-Infrared Light Transillumination","volume":"62","author":"Amaechi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salsone, S., Taylor, A., Gomez, J., Pretty, I., Ellwood, R., Dickinson, M., Lombardo, G., and Zakian, C. (2012). Histological validation of near-infrared reflectance multispectral imaging technique for caries detection and quantification. J. Biomed. Opt., 17.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.7.076009"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06460","article-title":"Automated Classification and Visualization of Healthy and Diseased Hard Dental Tissues by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging","volume":"66","author":"Usenik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Spect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1559-4","article-title":"In vivo validation of near-infrared light transillumination for interproximal dentin caries detection","volume":"20","author":"Kuhnisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"531","article-title":"Caries detection and diagnostics with near-infrared light transillumination: Clinical experiences","volume":"45","author":"Sochtig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17012","DOI":"10.1038\/bdjopen.2017.12","article-title":"Clinical performance of the near-infrared imaging system VistaCam iX Proxi for detection of approximal enamel lesions","volume":"3","author":"Jablonski","year":"2017","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/25.2.159","article-title":"Quantifying enamel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets\u2014A comparison of two methods. Part 2: Validity","volume":"25","author":"Benson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"de Josselin de Jong, E., Hall, A.F., and van der Linden, A.H. (1996, January 15\u201318). QLF: A Monte Carlo simulation model. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Indiana Conference, Early Detection of Dental Caries I, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2005.05.009","article-title":"Quantitative light fluorescence: A technology for early monitoring of the caries process","volume":"49","author":"Stookey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2001.00997.x","article-title":"Application of quantitative light-induced fluorescence to monitor incipient lesions in caries-active children. A comparative study of remineralisation by fluoride varnish and professional cleaning","volume":"109","author":"Tranaeus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000057583","article-title":"In vivo repeatability and reproducibility of the quantitative light-induced fluorescence method","volume":"36","author":"Tranaeus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1984.1072351","article-title":"Human teeth with and without caries studied by laser scattering, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Alfano","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quant. Electr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Angmar-Masson, B.A., Al-Khateeb, S., and Tranaeus, S. (1996, January 15\u201318). Intraoral use of quantitative light-induced fluorescence detection method. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Indiana Conference, Early Detection of Dental Caries I, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s16","article-title":"DIAGNOdent: An optical method for caries detection","volume":"83","author":"Lussi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000016527","article-title":"Performance and Reproducibility of a Laser Fluorescence System for Detection of Occlusal Caries in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Lussi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000047426","article-title":"Comparison of QLF and DIAGNOdent for quantification of smooth surface caries","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s17","article-title":"Optical methods--quantitative light fluorescence","volume":"83","author":"Stookey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000016583","article-title":"Occlusal caries detection with Kavo DIAGNOdent and Radiography: An in vitro comparison","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000016455","article-title":"An in vitro comparison between laser fluorescence and visual examination for detection of demineralization in occlusal pits and fissures","volume":"32","author":"Analoui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ten Bosch, J.J. (1999, January 19\u201322). Summary of Research of Quanitative Light Fluorescence. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Indiana Conference, Early Detection of Dental Caries II, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22159","article-title":"High Contrast Reflectance Imaging of Simulated Lesions on Tooth Occlusal Surfaces at Near-IR Wavelengths","volume":"45","author":"Fried","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.11.014","article-title":"Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Artificial Demineralization on Exposed Surfaces of Tooth Roots","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Mat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Kim, M., Curtis, D., Le, O., and Fried, D. (2023). Active surveillance of root caries in vivo with CP-OCT. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030465"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21139","article-title":"Nondestructive Clinical Assessment of Occlusal Caries Lesions using Near-IR Imaging Methods","volume":"43","author":"Staninec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luong, M.N., Shimada, Y., Araki, K., Yoshiyama, M., Tagami, J., and Sadr, A. (2020). Diagnosis of Occlusal Caries with Dynamic Slicing of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography Images. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061659"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.7.637","article-title":"The effect of Nd: YAG laser exposure on root surfaces when used as an adjunct to root planing: An in vitro study","volume":"63","author":"Morlock","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.001278","article-title":"Nature of light scattering in dental enamel and dentin at visible and near-infrared wavelengths","volume":"34","author":"Fried","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90098-F","article-title":"Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by bovine and human dentine","volume":"36","author":"Zijp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.000411","article-title":"Theoretical model for the scattering of light by dentin and comparison with measurements","volume":"32","author":"Zijp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-008-0203-y","article-title":"Cavity size difference after caries removal by a fluorescence-controlled Er: YAG laser and by conventional bur treatment","volume":"12","author":"Eberhard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1159\/000088186","article-title":"Evaluation of selective caries removal by a fluorescence feedback-controlled Er: YAG laser in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Eberhard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20631","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological analysis of dentin following selective caries removal with a fluorescence-controlled Er: YAG laser","volume":"40","author":"Jepsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23122","article-title":"Image-Guided Ablation of Dental Calculus From Root Surfaces Using a DPSS Er: YAG Laser","volume":"52","author":"Fried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23002","article-title":"Selective ablation of dental caries using coaxial CO2 (9.3-\u03bcm) and near-IR (1880-nm) lasers","volume":"51","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/7\/744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:31Z","timestamp":1760106091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/7\/744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14070744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14070744","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}