{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:18Z","timestamp":1760144298853,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","award":["KSVGH24-CT3-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH24-CT3-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer is currently targeted at heavy smokers or those with a family history of lung cancer. This study aimed to identify risk factors for lung cancer in individuals who do not meet the current lung cancer screening criteria as stipulated by the Taiwan Health Promotion Agency\u2019s low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening policy. A cohort analysis was conducted on 12,542 asymptomatic healthy subjects aged 20\u201380 years old who voluntarily underwent LDCT scans from January 2016 to December 2021. Logistic regression demonstrated that several factors, including age over 55 years, female gender, a body mass index (BMI) less than 23, a previous history of respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis or obstructive respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma), and previous respiratory symptoms such as cough or dyspnea, were associated with high-risk lung radiology scores according to LDCT scans. These findings indicate that risk-based assessments using primary data and questionnaires to identify risk factors other than heavy smoking and a family history of lung cancer may improve the efficiency of lung cancer screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14080784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Retrospective Analysis: Investigating Factors Linked to High Lung-RADS Scores in a Nonsmoking, Non-Family History Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chi-Shen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Mei-ho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Chung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Mei-ho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Health Care Management, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80421, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Shuen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Shen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Shu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 82144, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle, D.R., Adams, A.M., Berg, C.D., Black, W.C., Clapp, J.D., Fagerstrom, R.M., Gareen, I.F., Gatsonis, C., and Marcus, P.M. (2011). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N. Engl. J. Med., 365, 395\u2013409.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American College of Radiology (2024, March 01). Lung CT Screening Reporting & Data System (Lung-RADS\u00ae) 11 August 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.acr.org\/Clinical-Resources\/Reporting-and-Data-Systems\/Lung-Rads."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00210-1","article-title":"The 2021 USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines: A new frontier","volume":"9","author":"Potter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2014.08.001","article-title":"Patterns in lung cancer incidence rates and trends by histologic type in the United States, 2004\u20132009","volume":"86","author":"Houston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2419","article-title":"Global epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"85","author":"Barta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116857","article-title":"Are female smokers at higher risk for lung cancer than male smokers? A case-control analysis by histologic type","volume":"138","author":"Risch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8122096","article-title":"Lung cancer risk for female smokers","volume":"263","author":"Risch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh143","article-title":"Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking","volume":"96","author":"Bain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovanec, J., Siemiatycki, J., Conway, D.I., Olsson, A., St\u00fccker, I., Guida, F., J\u00f6ckel, K.H., Pohlabeln, H., Ahrens, W., and Br\u00fcske, I. (2018). Lung cancer and socioeconomic status in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192999"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.3-4.183","article-title":"Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: Examination of the evidence","volume":"88","author":"Zang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws445","article-title":"Are women who smoke at higher risk for lung cancer than men who smoke?","volume":"177","author":"Consonni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, D., Wang, D., Wu, Y., Chen, X., Shao, F., Wei, Y., Zhang, R., Lange, T., Ma, H., and Xu, H. (2022). Associations of genetic risk, BMI trajectories, and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer: A population-based cohort study. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02400-6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Barta, J.A., McIntire, R., Shusted, C., Zeigler-Johnson, C., and Juon, H.S. (2022). Racial difference in BMI and lung cancer diagnosis: Analysis of the National Lung Screening Trial. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09888-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Sun, Y.Q., Brumpton, B.M., Langhammer, A., Chen, Y., and Mai, X.M. (2022). Body mass index and incidence of lung cancer in the HUNT study: Using observational and Mendelian randomization approaches. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10215-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.12.1475","article-title":"Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States: Data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up","volume":"163","author":"Mannino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forder, A., Zhuang, R., Souza, V.G.P., Brockley, L.J., Pewarchuk, M.E., Telkar, N., Stewart, G.L., Benard, K., Marshall, E.A., and Reis, P.P. (2023). Mechanisms Contributing to the Comorbidity of COPD and Lung Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032859"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202010-1240OC","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis and the incidence of lung cancer among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192283","article-title":"Lung cancer CT screening and lung-RADS in a tuberculosis-endemic country: The Korean lung cancer screening project (K-LUCAS)","volume":"296","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2014.12.006","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of 2293 NSCLC patients: A comprehensive study from the TYROL registry","volume":"87","author":"Kocher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63656-7","article-title":"Impact of cooking oil fume exposure and fume extractor use on lung cancer risk in non-smoking Han Chinese women","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S100949","article-title":"Association between cooking oil fume exposure and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-2932","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between cooking fumes exposures and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010181","article-title":"Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers","volume":"151","author":"Ko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000337","article-title":"Lung cancer risk among cooks when accounting for tobacco smoking: A pooled analysis of case-control studies from Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China","volume":"57","author":"Bigert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.08.046","article-title":"LBA1 Mechanism of action and an actionable inflammatory axis for air pollution induced non-small cell lung cancer: Towards molecular cancer prevention","volume":"33","author":"Swanton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742076","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.742076","article-title":"Lung cancer death attributable to long-term ambient particulate matter (PM(2.5)) exposure in East Asian countries during 1990\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21632","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations","volume":"70","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.033","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution and lung cancer in nonsmokers in Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/8\/784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:18Z","timestamp":1760106318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/8\/784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14080784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14080784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]}}}