{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:01:08Z","timestamp":1787443268244,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGIDs) are a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eosinophil accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract. Among these EGIDs, Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is the most well documented, while less is known about Eosinophilic Gastritis (EoG), Eosinophilic Enteritis (EoN), and Eosinophilic Colitis (EoC). The role of endoscopy in EGIDs is pivotal, with applications in diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic intervention. In EoE, the endoscopic reference score (EREFS) has been shown to be accurate in raising diagnostic suspicion and effective in monitoring therapeutic responses. Additionally, endoscopic dilation is the first-line treatment for esophageal strictures. For EoG and EoN, while the literature is more limited, common endoscopic findings include erythema, nodules, and ulcerations. Histology remains the gold standard for diagnosing EGIDs, as it quantifies eosinophilic infiltration. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the histological understanding of EoE, leading to the development of diagnostic scores and the identification of specific microscopic features associated with the disease. However, for EoG, EoN, and EoC, precise eosinophil count thresholds for diagnosis have not yet been established. This review aims to elucidate the role of endoscopy and histology in the diagnosis and management of the three main EGIDs and to analyze their strengths and limitations, their interconnection, and future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14080858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T12:38:41Z","timestamp":1713789521000},"page":"858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Dual Lens of Endoscopy and Histology in the Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Barchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Vespa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Passaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Dell\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Fasulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2417-0410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona-Rita","family":"Yacoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Albarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto S. 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Giglio, 90015 Cefalu, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Massimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Vito","family":"Mandarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22062","article-title":"World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"86","author":"Gotlib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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