{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:11:19Z","timestamp":1777965079632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review explores the intricate aspects of left ventricular thrombus (LVT), a potential complication in both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. It provides a thorough understanding of left ventricular thrombus, revealing its uncommon incidence in the general population (7 cases per 10,000 patients), predominantly linked to ischemic heart diseases (ICMs) at an 80% prevalence rate. Diagnostic tools, notably transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), demonstrate varying sensitivity but remain indispensable in specific clinical contexts related to LVT as non-invasive diagnostic modalities. A detailed comparison between ICM patients and those with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) who have left ventricular thrombus reveals subtle distinctions with significant clinical implications. This analysis underscores the importance of these imaging techniques in distinguishing between the two conditions. Additionally, we explored the occurrence of LVT in specific non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, including Takotsubo syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, eosinophilic myocarditis, Chagas disease, cardiac amyloidosis, and several other conditions. The article further delves into anticoagulation strategies, thoroughly examining their impact on LVT regression and patient outcomes. Pharmacological interventions, with a focus on direct oral anticoagulants, emerge as promising alternatives; however, there is insufficient information on their efficiency and safety, especially in NICM population. In conclusion, this review highlights the complex nature of LVT, incorporating a range of etiopathogenic factors, diagnostic complexities, and evolving therapeutic approaches. It emphasizes the pressing need for ongoing research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T11:39:42Z","timestamp":1714649982000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emerging Trends in Left Ventricular Thrombus: A Comprehensive Review of Non-Ischemic and Ischemic Cardiopathies, Including Eosinophilic Myocarditis, Chagas Cardiomyopathy, Amyloidosis, and Innovative Anticoagulant Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Colle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0071-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Demeure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Higny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Michaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Robaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Xha\u00ebt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Blommaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Dulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Berners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Wery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Th\u00e9rasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Droogmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Cosyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Luiza","family":"Luchian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCL), CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. 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