{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:40Z","timestamp":1760144740027,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]],"date-time":"2024-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to pharmacologically induce accommodative paralysis and evaluate its effects on the bioelectrical activity of the muscular system. The study included two participant groups: those with myopia and those with normal vision (emmetropes). Electromyographic assessments were performed using the Noraxon Ultium DTS 8-K MR 3 myo Muscle Master Edition system. The muscles analyzed in this study were the temporalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, abdominal muscles, biceps brachii, and the external oblique muscles of the abdomen. It is important to acknowledge that, based on the current findings, it cannot be definitively stated that the observed effects have clinical significance, and additional studies are encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14090961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T15:09:36Z","timestamp":1715008176000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacologically Induced Accommodation Palsy and the Bioelectrical Activity of the Muscular System: A Preliminary Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Paj\u0105k-Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Scientific Group of Sports Medicine, Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ginszt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9317-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Marchili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice in Rieti, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Gawda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e21805","article-title":"Characteristics of Headache in Children Presenting to Ophthalmology Services in a Tertiary Care Center of South India","volume":"14","author":"Christopher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.10.008","article-title":"Headache Associated with Refractive Errors: Characteristics and Risk Factors","volume":"177","author":"Lajmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01402-2","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Headache: An Update, with Analysis of the Influences of Methodological Factors on Prevalence Estimates","volume":"23","author":"Stovner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00257-2","article-title":"Tension-Type Headache","volume":"7","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Filipiak, Z., Ginszt, M., Matysik-Wo\u017aniak, A., Rejdak, R., and Gawda, P. (2021). The Organ of Vision and the Stomatognathic System\u2014Review of Association Studies and Evidence-Based Discussion. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010014"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601610010460","article-title":"Dental Occlusion and Ophthalmology: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Marchili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Matysik-Wo\u017aniak, A., Pankowska, A., Pietura, R., Rejdak, R., and Jonak, K. (2023). High Myopia and Thickness of Extraocular and Masticatory Muscles\u20147T MRI, Preliminary Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124166"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., W\u00f3jcicki, M., Rapa, M., Matysik-Wo\u017aniak, A., Baszczowski, M., Ginszt, M., Litko-Rola, M., Szkutnik, J., R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska, I., and Rejdak, R. (2023). Correlation between Refractive Error, Muscle Thickness, and Bioelectrical Activity of Selected Masticatory Muscles. Cranio J. Craniomandib. Pract., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2023.2198405"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59544-7.00015-9","article-title":"Chapter 16\u2014Generation of Motor Neurons from Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"Volume 201","author":"Dunnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010192","article-title":"The Orderly Recruitment of Human Motor Units during Voluntary Isometric Contractions","volume":"230","author":"Stein","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"30","article-title":"The Abc of Emg","volume":"1","author":"Konrad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pract. Introd. Kinesiol. Electromyogr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"AbuHasan, Q., and Munakomi, S. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3371-17.2018","article-title":"Classification of Neurons in the Primate Reticular Formation and Changes after Recovery from Pyramidal Tract Lesion","volume":"38","author":"Zaaimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51005-7","article-title":"The Reticular Formation","volume":"151","author":"Horn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mangold, S.A., and Das, J.M. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02532-8","article-title":"Is the Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation a Purely Horizontal Gaze Center?","volume":"227","author":"Bohlen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rehman, I., Mahabadi, N., and Ali, T. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Motlagh, M., and Geetha, R. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2008.00260.x","article-title":"Restoration of Accommodation: Surgical Options for Correction of Presbyopia","volume":"91","author":"Glasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom. J. Aust. Optom. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Joyce, C., Le, P.H., and Peterson, D.C. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.08.002","article-title":"Emmetropes and Myopes Differ Little in Their Accommodation Dynamics but Strongly in Their Ciliary Muscle Morphology","volume":"163","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19093","article-title":"The Response AC\/A Ratio Before and After the Onset of Myopia","volume":"58","author":"Mutti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Eye Patient (2023, October 17). Amplitude of Accommodation. Available online: https:\/\/eyepatient.net\/Home\/articledetail\/amplitude-of-accommodation-4808."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Foo, L.-L., Ng, W., and Chia, A. (2022). Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"8","article-title":"Variation of Axis Before and After Cycloplegic Refraction at Peadiatric Department of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Malir, Karachi","volume":"5","author":"Memon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Matysik-Wo\u017aniak, A., Paj\u0105k, B., Ginszt, M., Rejdak, R., and Gawda, P. (2023). Study Protocol: Accommodative Effects on the Musculoskeletal System. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289347"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2000.00490.x","article-title":"An Electromyographic Investigation of Masticatory Muscles Symmetry in Normo-Occlusion Subjects","volume":"27","author":"Ferrario","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., and Gawda, P. (2024). Surface Electromyography in Dentistry\u2014Past, Present and Future. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051328"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i3.36","article-title":"Onset and Duration of Cycloplegic Action of 1% Cyclopentolate\u20141% Tropicamide Combination","volume":"17","author":"Kyei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2009.01970.x","article-title":"Electromyographic Standardized Indices in Healthy Brazilian Young Adults and Data Reproducibility","volume":"36","author":"Sidequersky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.140","article-title":"Indexes of Jaw Muscle Function in Asymptomatic Individuals with Different Occlusal Features","volume":"4","author":"Vozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01558.x","article-title":"The Influence of Occlusion on Jaw and Neck Muscle Activity: A Surface EMG Study in Healthy Young Adults","volume":"33","author":"Ferrario","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1989.tb01318.x","article-title":"Electromyographic Activity of the Human Masticatory Muscles during Submaximal Clenching in the Inter-Cuspal Position","volume":"16","author":"Naeije","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginszt, M., and Zieli\u0144ski, G. (2021). Novel Functional Indices of Masticatory Muscle Activity. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071440"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-04070-w","article-title":"Changes in Blood Lactate and Muscle Activation in Elite Rock Climbers during a 15-m Speed Climb","volume":"119","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect Size Estimates: Current Use, Calculations, and Interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and Reporting Effect Sizes to Facilitate Cumulative Science: A Practical Primer for t-Tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Need to Report Effect Size Estimates Revisited. An Overview of Some Recommended Measures of Effect Size","volume":"21","author":"Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2011.09.003","article-title":"Strain Hardening of Fascia: Static Stretching of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissues Can Induce a Temporary Stiffness Increase Accompanied by Enhanced Matrix Hydration","volume":"16","author":"Schleip","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"18","article-title":"Visual Input Effect on EMG Activity of Masticatory and Postural Muscles in Healthy and in Myopic Children","volume":"7","author":"Monaco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ski, G., Matysik-Wo\u017aniak, A., Baszczowski, M., Rapa, M., Ginszt, M., Szkutnik, J., Rejdak, R., and Gawda, P. (2023). Exploratory Study on Central Sensitization and Bioelectrical Activity of the Selected Masticatory Muscles in Subjects with Myopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054524"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"457","article-title":"Analysis of Changes in Electromyographic Masticatory Muscle Activity in Relation to the Selected Correction of Refractive Error","volume":"3","author":"Baszczowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Schleip, R., Findley, T., Chaitow, L., and Huijing, P. (2012). Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body: The Science and Clinical Applications in Manual and Movement Therapy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2016.11.003","article-title":"Defining the Fascial System","volume":"21","author":"Adstrum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez-Rodriguez, V., Fede, C., Pirri, C., Petrelli, L., Loro-Ferrer, J.F., Rodriguez-Ruiz, D., De Caro, R., and Stecco, C. (2022). Fascial Innervation: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105674"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046603","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/77\/4\/046603","article-title":"Tensegrity, Cellular Biophysics, and the Mechanics of Living Systems","volume":"77","author":"Ingber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"123","article-title":"Development of the Ciliary Body: A Brief Review","volume":"105","author":"Beebe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha\u0142adaj, R. (2019). Normal Anatomy and Anomalies of the Rectus Extraocular Muscles in Human: A Review of the Recent Data and Findings. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8909162"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2011.02745.x","article-title":"Anatomy of Tenons Capsule","volume":"40","author":"Kakizaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Whitney, Z.B., Jain, M., Jozsa, F., and Zito, P.M. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21394","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Posterior Episclera and Tenon\u2019s Capsule","volume":"58","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Stecco, C., and Hammer, W.I. (2015). Functional Atlas of the Human Fascial System, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003318","article-title":"Anatomy of the Platysma Muscle","volume":"28","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Joshi, R., and Duong, H. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Modi, P., and Arsiwalla, T. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00846.2018","article-title":"Central Mesencephalic Reticular Formation Control of the near Response: Lens Accommodation Circuits","volume":"121","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00051","article-title":"Reticular Formation and Pain: The Past and the Future","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(98)00096-3","article-title":"A Neural Model of the Saccade Generator in the Reticular Formation","volume":"11","author":"Gancarz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.006","article-title":"Accommodation: The Role of the External Muscles of the Eye: A Consideration of Refractive Errors in Relation to Extraocular Malfunction","volume":"83","author":"Hargrave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Simpkins, R.B. (2019). New Light on the Eyes: Revolutionary and Scientific Discoveries Which Indicate Extensive Reform and Reduction in the Prescription of Glasses and Radical Improvement in the Treatment of Diseases Such as Cataract and Glaucoma, Stargatebook."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.36","article-title":"Myopia Progression as a Function of Sex, Age, and Ethnicity","volume":"62","author":"Sinnott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size\u2014Or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/9\/961\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:39:33Z","timestamp":1760107173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/9\/961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14090961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14090961","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]}}}